Abstract
The interaction among operating parameters of moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR) in a treating palm oil mill effluent (POME) was carried out in order to determine the maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammoniacal-nitrogen (NH3-N) removal. To achieve these goals, a face-centred central composite design was applied to the hydraulic retention time (HRT: 24–72 h), media filling fraction (MFF: 25–70%), and biofilm carriers (Black plastic media; BPM and Hexafilter; HEX). From the evaluation, the interaction of these operating parameters significantly influenced the removal of COD and NH3-N in the POME. The optimal operating parameters were determined to be 70 h HRT and 29% MFF, while the best biofilm carrier was Hexafilter (HEX). Optimal conditions for COD and NH3-N removal were up to 53.3% (758.4 ± 2 mg L−1) and 91.8% (9.7 ± 2 mg L−1), respectively. The results from this study should provide a template for a viable alternative to the current, inefficient conventional POME treatment with optimal conditions of the MBBR for the removal of COD and NH3-N.
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