Abstract
Muscle and bone interact via physical forces and secreted osteokines and myokines. Physical forces are generated through gravity, locomotion, exercise, and external devices. Cells sense mechanical strain via adhesion molecules and translate it into biochemical responses, modulating the basic mechanisms of cellular biology such as lineage commitment, tissue formation, and maturation. This may result in the initiation of bone formation, muscle hypertrophy, and the enhanced production of extracellular matrix constituents, adhesion molecules, and cytoskeletal elements. Bone and muscle mass, resistance to strain, and the stiffness of matrix, cells, and tissues are enhanced, influencing fracture resistance and muscle power. This propagates a dynamic and continuous reciprocity of physicochemical interaction. Secreted growth and differentiation factors are important effectors of mutual interaction. The acute effects of exercise induce the secretion of exosomes with cargo molecules that are capable of mediating the endocrine effects between muscle, bone, and the organism. Long-term changes induce adaptations of the respective tissue secretome that maintain adequate homeostatic conditions. Lessons from unloading, microgravity, and disuse teach us that gratuitous tissue is removed or reorganized while immobility and inflammation trigger muscle and bone marrow fatty infiltration and propagate degenerative diseases such as sarcopenia and osteoporosis. Ongoing research will certainly find new therapeutic targets for prevention and treatment.
Highlights
Bone and muscle are both tissues of mesodermal origin that together with joints constitute the musculoskeletal functional unit to facilitate the locomotion of the organism, which is guided by the central nervous system and the neuronal networks and their neuromuscular junctions
This review summarizes knowledge about the principles of mutual interactions of muscle and bone, where physics and biochemistry/cell biology get integrated and adjust to each other according to environmental needs
Physical forces exerted by physical load, muscle activity, and fluid flow are translated into biochemical signals and the biology of cells and tissues
Summary
Bone and muscle are both tissues of mesodermal origin that together with joints constitute the musculoskeletal functional unit to facilitate the locomotion of the organism, which is guided by the central nervous system and the neuronal networks and their neuromuscular junctions Both tissues provide a highly flexible system of adaptation as a response to the variability of physical forces generated through gravity and environmental conditions. This review summarizes knowledge about the principles of mutual interactions of muscle and bone, where physics and biochemistry/cell biology get integrated and adjust to each other according to environmental needs It highlights the common effectors of these interactions and the secondary response, which sustains a dynamic reciprocity of adaptation. Connective tissues physically joining muscle and bone, especially tendons and ligaments, naturally play a critical role in this interaction, as addressed in a recent review article in detail [5]
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