Abstract
Resilience is recognized as a multilevel phenomenon, yet few studies have examined how the levels interact. This is partly because individual-level resilience and social-ecological systems resilience have developed in different fields. Here we explore the shocks and stresses experienced by a fishing community and its members, their responses, and how resilience features were expressed at individual, household, and community levels in southeast Brazil. First, both connections and disjunctions were found between resilience features at the three levels. Second, the greater resilience of certain individuals and households within the community contributed to increased social differentiation and reduced overall community resilience. Third, understanding resilience at multiple levels highlighted the consideration of persistence, adaptation, and transformation processes as potentially complementary, rather than conflicting. These conclusions underline the importance of understanding the particularities of each level, and how they relate to one another. A multilevel approach provides insight into aspects of resilience that would not be apparent if only one level were explored.
Highlights
Coastal ecosystems are impacted by many drivers of change, a number of them directly affecting small-scale fisher livelihoods (Jentoft and Chuenpagdee 2015)
We explore the shocks and stresses experienced by a fishing community and its members, their responses, and how resilience features were expressed at individual, household, and community levels in southeast Brazil
Understanding resilience at multiple levels highlighted the consideration of persistence, adaptation, and transformation processes as potentially complementary, rather than conflicting
Summary
Coastal ecosystems are impacted by many drivers of change, a number of them directly affecting small-scale fisher livelihoods (Jentoft and Chuenpagdee 2015). Examples include overfishing, intensifying tourism and real estate speculation, out-migration and immigration, competition with large-scale fisheries, climate change, and degradation of terrestrial and marine ecosystems (Badjeck et al 2010, Hanazaki et al 2013). Aggravating these struggles are restrictive fishing policies such as marine protected areas, quota systems, and closed seasons, among the many of the technical “fixes” adopted by managers (Degnbol et al 2006). The common thread among these different treatments of resilience is “the ability to successfully deal with change ... a characteristic that can be applied to individuals, communities, states, ecosystems or linked social-ecological systems, tightly coupled systems of people and environment” (Brown 2016:2)
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