Abstract
The objective of this review article is to clarify the different interactions between entomopathogenic nematodes, as bio-control agents, against other bio-control agents (parasitoids and predators) proposed by the researchers. Thus, it gives clear information concerning the potential of combining them as a part of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs against insect pests. Some laboratory studies showed that the treatment of predacious insects by entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) at different concentrations can infect and kill the treated larva, nymphs and adults of predators. The percentages of mortality were found to be high (up to 100%), moderate (15% - 35%) or low (3% - 7%). Other studies revealed the resistant of treated predators to nematode-infection. Some predators that were offered infected prey avoid feeding on such prey and, in contrast, the soil predators (ants and mites) consumed the offered cadavers as well as the infective juvenile of the nematodes and did not show any detrimental effects. Mostly, parasitoids cannot complete their development inside or on nematode-infected hosts if parasitism occurs before or early after infection. The parasitoid females may avoid laying eggs in the infected hosts or cannot discriminate between healthy and infected hosts. A field study demonstrated that applying EPNs combined with the predator, Labidura riparia significantly reduced the population of the target pest compared to the nematode or the predator alone. Also, two field experiments indicated that the combination of parasitoids and nematodes can be successful for insect pest management.
Highlights
Combination of entomopathogens and other biological control agents
The objective of this review article is to clarify the different interactions between entomopathogenic nematodes, as bio-control agents, against other bio-control agents proposed by the researchers
The pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), S. carpocapsae (Weiser), S. feltiae (Filipjev) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar was evaluated against the aphid predator, Aphidoletis aphidimyza (Rondani) (Dipt.: Cecidomyiidae) at 3 concentrations; 100, 1000 and 10,000 IJs/Petri-dish/10 larvae
Summary
Like parasitoids/predators, they have chemoreceptors and are motile, in soil, looking for suitable host Like pathogens, they are highly virulent, killing the host quickly and can be cultured in vivo and in vitro [3]. The IJs penetrate the host through natural openings; mouth, anus or spiracles, and in addition, IJs in heterorhabditids possess a tooth that enables them to penetrate the host through the cuticle of certain insects Once they enter the hemocoel, they release the bacteria which multiply and kill the host by cepticaemia [5]. Temperature, moisture, aeration and soil type, the species of EPN, age of target insects and soil fauna are important factors affecting the activity of EPNs. Parasitoids and Predators Parasitoids and predators are among the biological control agents that play an important role, naturally, against agricultural pests infesting field crops, vegetables, orchards and ornamentals. Abbas thogens) and selective chemical insecticides if needed [9]
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