Abstract
Enteric viruses encounter a multitude of environments as they traverse the gastrointestinal tract. The interaction of enteric eukaryotic viruses with members of the host microbiota impacts the outcome of infection. Infection with several enteric viruses is impaired in the absence of the gut microbiota, specifically bacteria. The effects of bacteria on virus biology are diverse. Poliovirus capsid stability and receptor engagement are positively impacted by bacteria and bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Norovirus utilizes histo-blood group antigens produced by enteric bacteria to attach and productively infect B cells. Lipopolysaccharides on the envelope of mouse mammary tumor virus promote a tolerogenic environment that allows for the establishment of viral persistence. Reovirus binds Gram negative and Gram-positive bacteria through bacterial envelope components to enhance virion thermostability. Through the direct engagement of bacteria and bacterial components, viruses evolved diverse ways to impact the outcome of infection.
Highlights
The context in which viruses interact with their hosts is a key determinant of the outcome of viral infection
We focus on how the direct interactions between enteric we focus on how the direct interactions between enteric bacteria and viruses impact the outcome of bacteria and viruses impact the outcome of viral infection (Figure 1)
Incubation of poliovirus at 37 ◦ C or 42 ◦ C with the feces of antibiotic-treated or germ-free mice decreases virus infectivity compared with virus that was incubated with the feces of untreated mice or with Gram negative or Gram-positive bacteria, LPS, or peptidoglycan (PG) [11,12]
Summary
The context in which viruses interact with their hosts is a key determinant of the outcome of viral infection. Enteric viruses must navigate diverse surroundings including changing cellular landscapes, altered pH and oxygen levels and diverse microbial communities [1,2]. In the small intestine viruses encounter changing pH levels (pH of 6.6 in the duodenum, pH of 7.3 in the terminal ileum), high oxygen levels (oxygen tension of 32 torr in the duodenum), discontinuous mucus levels where the villus tips are not always covered by mucus, low bacterial loads (102 cfu g−1 ) and relatively low bacterial diversity [3,4,5]. Viruses use different aspects of the microbial communities they encounter in the gut to survive these encounter in the gut to survive these fluctuating environments. Enhance viral thermostability resulting in increased attachment and infection of resulting in increased attachment and infection of target cells
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