Abstract
Thermal conversion of automotive shredder residue (ASR) using indirect fluidized bed gasification was conducted in the Chalmers semi-industrial 2–4-MWth gasifier. The bed material consisted of olivine that was activated through the deposition of biomass ash prior to a 13-day exposure to ASR. The interactions between the bed material and the ASR ash were investigated using XRD, SEM-EDS, and thermodynamic modeling. The deposition of iron (Fe) onto the olivine particles was noted, and this is likely to increase the oxygen-carrying ability of the particles. Furthermore, at the end of the campaign, about one-third of the particles in the bed were found to originate from the ASR ash. These particles were rich in Fe and Si, as well as elements found exclusively in the ASR ash, such as Zn, Ti, and Cu. Some of these particles exhibited a hollow morphology, suggesting a melt state during their formation in the gasifier. In addition, a low level of agglomeration of the ash and olivine particles was detected. Thermodynamic modeling with the FactSage software indicated the formation of slag. This study presents a detailed investigation of the interactions that occur between the bed material and an ash-rich fuel such as ASR. The findings may have applications in demonstrating the induction of oxygen-carrying ability in bed materials or for metal recycling through the separation of ash particles from the bed material.
Highlights
10 million end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) are generated annually in the European Union (EU)
The composition of the automotive shredder residue (ASR) fraction depends on the materials that are fed into the shredder, the effectiveness of the shredder, the separation processes, and the postshredder techniques.[5,7−10] The heterogeneity of ASR is further exacerbated by the differences in ELV models, as, for example, the newer types of ELVs contain higher levels of plastics and electronics than the older models.[11,12]
One of the major environmental concerns is that polychlorinated dibenzop-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) can form during incineration, and they need to be controlled and treated before the exhaust gases are released into the environment.[21−23] Currently, dioxin- and furan-containing compounds are treated using calcium-based filters and activated carbon, which results in Received: June 29, 2021
Summary
10 million end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) are generated annually in the European Union (EU). About twothirds of these vehicles are treated according to the EU ELV Directive (2000/53/EC).[1] The EU ELV Directive states that the rate of reuse and recovery of ELVs must be 95% (per vehicle and year) and that the rate of reuse and recycling must be 85%.2. After depollution and dismantling of spare parts, ELVs are commonly shredded to allow recovery of their metal content.[1,3,4] The fraction that remains after the primary recovery processes is called automotive shredder residue (ASR), which accounts for around 25% of the ELV.[5]. The restrictions on landfilling ELVs mean that there is a need for more extensive treatment of the ASR material flows so that the waste streams can be decreased
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