Abstract
Environmental stress factors caused by climate change affect plant growth and crop production, and pose a growing threat to sustainable agriculture, especially for tree crops. In this context, we sought to investigate the responses to climate change of two Prunus rootstocks (GF677 and Adesoto) budded with Catherina peach cultivar. Plants were grown in 15 L pots in temperature gradient greenhouses for an 18 days acclimation period after which six treatments were applied: [CO2 levels (400 versus 700 µmol mol-1), temperature (ambient versus ambient + 4°C), and water availability (well irrigated versus drought)]. After 23 days, the effects of stress were evaluated as changes in physiological and biochemical traits, including expression of relevant genes. Stem water potential decreased under drought stress in plants grafted on GF677 and Adesoto rootstocks; however, elevated CO2 and temperature affected plant water content differently in both combinations. The photosynthetic rate of plants grafted on GF677 increased under high CO2, but decreased under high temperature and drought conditions. The photosynthetic rates of plants grafted onto Adesoto were only affected by drought treatment. Furthermore, in GF677–Catherina plants, elevated CO2 alleviated the effect of drought, whereas in those grafted onto Adesoto, the same condition produced acclimation in the rate. Stomatal conductance decreased under high CO2 and drought stress in both grafted rootstocks, and the combination of these conditions improved water-use efficiency. Changes in the sugar content in scion leaves and roots were significantly different under the stress conditions in both combinations. Meanwhile, the expression of most of the assessed genes was significantly affected by treatment. Regarding genotypes, GF677 rootstock showed more changes at the molecular and transcriptomic level than did Adesoto rootstock. A coordinated shift was found between the physiological status and the transcriptomic responses. This study revealed adaptive responses to climate change at the physiological, metabolic, and transcriptomic levels in two Prunus rootstocks budded with 'Catherina'. Overall, these results demonstrate the resilient capacity and plasticity of these contrasting genotypes, which can be further used to combat ongoing climate changes and support sustainable peach production.
Highlights
Peach is the third most important temperate fruit tree species of the Rosaceae family, behind apples and pears (FAOSTAT, 2018; http://faostat.fao.org), with China being the largest producer (14.3 million tons), followed by European countries (Spain, Italy, and Greece) and the United States
Elevated CO2 in plants grafted on Adesoto and elevated temperature in those grafted on GF677 increased stem water and osmotic potentials, respectively
The decrease in shoot/root DW ratio under elevated CO2 and drought suggests that root growth is more stimulated than the aerial part, which was reported in other plant species (Madhu and Hatfeld, 2013; Medina et al, 2016), these changes depend on interactions between genotype and environment (Medina et al, 2016)
Summary
Peach is the third most important temperate fruit tree species of the Rosaceae family, behind apples and pears (FAOSTAT, 2018; http://faostat.fao.org), with China being the largest producer (14.3 million tons), followed by European countries (Spain, Italy, and Greece) and the United States. Predictions for new climate scenarios, which include an increase in temperature, alterations in rainfall patterns, and increasing frequency of extreme climate events, are likely to negatively affect global agriculture, especially in Mediterranean regions (IPCC, 2014; FAO, 2016; IPCC, 2018). This concern is especially relevant for peach trees because warming temperatures will impact negatively flowering and production (Gogorcena et al, 2020). In this situation, it is still more critical to choose the correct rootstock–scion combination to cope with the effects of climate change
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