Abstract
We review observations, theory, and simulations concerning the interaction of diffuse upstream ions with the solar wind. Spacecraft observations in the quasi-parallel region of the Earth's bow shock have demonstrated the deceleration and deflection of the solar wind in the region of diffuse upstream ions and ULF waves. This can, in principle, be explained by the pressure gradient force exerted by the diffuse ions on the solar wind. On the micro-scale this coupling is due to electromagnetic ion/ion beam instabilities between the diffuse ions and the solar wind. Since the time scale for the coupling is of the same order as the convection time of the solar wind through the foreshock region, the deceleration can only be studied by a collisionless, self-consistent approach. We report on recent hybrid simulations of collisionless shocks, which demonstrate the close connection between diffuse ions, upstream waves and pulsations, and their effect on the solar wind.
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