Abstract
Understanding the interaction of surface water and groundwater affected by anthropogenic activities is of great importance for water resource and water quality management. The Xiong’an New Area, located in the North China Plain, has been designated a new building area by China’s government. Groundwater has been over pumped and artificial water was transferred to meet the water supply in this region. Therefore, the natural interaction of surface water and groundwater has been greatly changed and there has been a complex impact of the groundwater from anthropogenic activities. In this study, we used water chemical ions and stable isotopes of δ2H and δ18O to assess the interaction of surface water and groundwater in the Xiong’an New Area. We carried out field surveys and water sampling of the Fu River (domestic waste water discharge), Lake Baiyangdian (artificial water transfer), and the underlying groundwater along the water bodies. Results show that the artificial surface water (discharged and transferred) became the major recharge source for the local groundwater due to the decline of groundwater table. We used groundwater table observations, end-member mixing analysis of the stable isotopic composition and chloride tracers to estimate the contributions of different recharge sources to the local groundwater. Due to the over pumping of groundwater, the lateral groundwater recharge was dominant with a contribution ratio ranging from 12% to 78% in the upper reach of the river (Sections 1–3). However, the contribution of lateral groundwater recharge was estimated to be negligible with respect to the artificial water recharge from Lake Baiyangdian. Seepage from the Fu River contributed a significant amount of water to the connecting aquifer, with a contribution ranging from 14% to 75% along the river. The extent of the river influence into the aquifer ranges as far as 1400 m to the south and 400 m to the north of the Fu River. Estimations based on isotopic fractionation shows that about 22.3% of Lake Baiyangdian water was lost by evaporation. By using the stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the lake water, an influencing range of 16 km west of the lake was determined. The interaction of the surface water and groundwater is completely changed by anthropogenic activities, such as groundwater over pumping, waste water discharge and water transfer. The switched interaction of surface water and groundwater has a significant implication on water resources management.
Highlights
Surface water and groundwater are an interrelated hydrological continuum, which must be considered in the calculation of hydrological cycle and water budget [1,2]
Perpendicular to the river channel, we sampled at 32 groundwater wells in six sections on both sides of the Fu River with different distances to the river (G1–G32)
The river water level was higher than the groundwater table in Sections 1–5, indicating surface water recharging to groundwater
Summary
Surface water and groundwater are an interrelated hydrological continuum, which must be considered in the calculation of hydrological cycle and water budget [1,2]. Understanding pathways and quantifying the fluxes between surface water and groundwater systems are essential to evaluate water resource allocations and to assess potential impacts of increasing water use on groundwater-dependent ecosystems [2,3,4]. Anthropogenic activities, such as groundwater over pumping and artificial water discharge or transfer, are among the main factors influencing the interaction between surface water and groundwater [5,6]. Understanding the interactions of the surface water and groundwater under the influence of anthropogenic activities is important for water resources management and water pollution prevention and treatment [15]
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