Abstract
BackgroundAdolescence is a sensitive period for weight gain and risky health behaviors, such as smoking. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified loci contributing to adult body mass index (BMI). Evidence suggests that many of these loci have a larger influence on adolescent BMI. However, few studies have examined interactions between smoking and obesity susceptibility loci on BMI. This study investigates the interaction of current smoking and established BMI SNPs on adolescent BMI. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, a nationally-representative, prospective cohort of the US school-based population in grades 7 to 12 (12–20 years of age) in 1994–95 who have been followed into adulthood (Wave II 1996; ages 12–21, Wave III; ages 18–27), we assessed (in 2014) interactions of 40 BMI-related SNPs and smoking status with percent of the CDC/NCHS 2000 median BMI (%MBMI) in European Americans (n = 5075), African Americans (n = 1744) and Hispanic Americans (n = 1294).ResultsTwo SNPs showed nominal significance for interaction (p < 0.05) between smoking and genotype with %MBMI in European Americans (EA) (rs2112347 (POC5): β = 1.98 (0.06, 3.90), p = 0.04 and near rs571312 (MC4R): β 2.15 (−0.03, 4.33) p = 0.05); and one SNP showed a significant interaction effect after stringent correction for multiple testing in Hispanic Americans (HA) (rs1514175 (TNNI3K): β 8.46 (4.32, 12.60), p = 5.9E-05). Stratifying by sex, these interactions suggest a stronger effect in female smokers.ConclusionsOur study highlights potentially important sex differences in obesity risk by smoking status in adolescents, with those who may be most likely to initiate smoking (i.e., adolescent females), being at greatest risk for exacerbating genetic obesity susceptibility.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-015-0289-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
Adolescence is a sensitive period for weight gain and risky health behaviors, such as smoking
Our study examines the interaction between current smoking and 40 Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)-identified and replicated Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associated with body mass index (BMI) in European descent adults [16, 18, 19, 21] on adolescent BMI in a multiethnic nationallyrepresentative cohort
In main effects analyses of SNPs on %Percent median BMI (MBMI) among European Americans (EA), 33 of the established 39 BMI SNPs were directionally consistent with previous results [18], and 19 of those showed nominally significant association with %MBMI (Additional file 2: Table S2)
Summary
Adolescence is a sensitive period for weight gain and risky health behaviors, such as smoking. Few studies have examined interactions between smoking and obesity susceptibility loci on BMI. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) contributing to variation in adult body mass index (BMI) [16,17,18,19,20,21], and evidence suggests these loci may have the greatest influence on adolescent BMI [22,23,24,25,26,27,28]. Our study examines the interaction between current smoking and 40 GWAS-identified and replicated SNPs associated with BMI in European descent adults [16, 18, 19, 21] on adolescent BMI in a multiethnic nationallyrepresentative cohort
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