Interaction of Serotonergic Excitatory Drive to Hypoglossal Motoneurons With Carbachol-Induced, REM Sleep-Like Atonia

Abstract

The facilitatory effect of serotonin (5HT) on hypoglossal (XII) motoneurons is likely to be reduced during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, when the activity of the brainstem serotonergic system reaches its nadir. Therefore, we assessed the hypothesis that application of exogenous 5HT will attenuate the REM sleep-like suppression of XII motoneurons produced in decerebrate cats by pontine microinjections of a cholinergic agonist, carbachol. Microinjections of 5HT or 5-carboxamidotryptamine into the XII nucleus increased XII nerve activity to 182 +/- 53% (standard deviation; SD) of control. Subsequent pontine microinjections of carbachol reduced XII nerve activity by 55 +/- 21% of the pre-5HT level (n = 12). Microinjections of methysergide (a 5HT antagonist) into the XII nucleus reduced XII nerve activity to 54 +/- 17% of the pre-methysergide control (n = 6). Pontine carbachol injections after methysergide further reduced XII nerve activity by 49 +/- 20% of the pre-methysergide level. Treatments with both agonists and the antagonist attenuated the carbachol-induced decrease when compared to two previous studies using the same model: 1) In experiments with no injections of serotonergic agents, pontine carbachol injections decreased XII nerve activity by 90 +/- 6% of control. 2) After enhancement of XII nerve activity by inhibitory amino acid antagonists (to 135 +/- 60%), the subsequent carbachol-induced decrease was even larger, 112 +/- 62% of control. We propose that serotonergic excitation can significantly attenuate the REM sleep-like suppression of XII nerve activity, and that this is achieved, in part, by substituting for the decreased endogenous 5HT in the XII nucleus. The study also demonstrates that other, non-serotonergic, mechanisms also contribute to the carbachol-induced suppression.