Abstract
Copper is imported into prokaryotic cells by CPx-type ATPases. CPx-type ATPases have the transmembrane characteristics typical of P-type ATPases involved in the translocation of many ions. A conserved Cys-Pro-X (X = C or H) sequence within the transmembrane channel and a variable number of distinct amino-terminal domains define the CPx classification (1). The cytoplasmic subdomains of the CPx-ATPases have a MxCxxC or M/HxxMDHS/GxM metal-binding site (x = any amino acid). Intracellular copper is utilized in the activation of enzymes, such as cytochrome-c oxidase, superoxide dismutase, and lysyl oxidase. Copper also has the potential to cause cellular damage because of its redox properties. To overcome this dichotomy, the cell regulates copper levels and prevents toxicity with overlapping mechanisms: sequestration, export, and inhibition of entry.
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