Abstract
The gut microbiota, the largest symbiotic ecosystem with the host, has been shown to play important roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome is caused by the imbalance between the commensal and pathogenic microbiomes. The commensal microbiome regulates the maturation of the mucosal immune system, while the pathogenic microbiome causes immunity dysfunction, resulting in disease development. The gut mucosal immune system, which consists of lymph nodes, lamina propria and epithelial cells, constitutes a protective barrier for the integrity of the intestinal tract. The composition of the gut microbiota is under the surveillance of the normal mucosal immune system. Inflammation, which is caused by abnormal immune responses, influences the balance of the gut microbiome, resulting in intestinal diseases. In this review, we briefly outlined the interaction between the gut microbiota and the immune system and provided a reference for future studies.
Highlights
The mammalian gut contains a microbial community, defined as the microbiome, which includes bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc
The aim of this review is to briefly summarize the interaction between the gut microbiome and mucosal immune system, as well as the development of autoimmune diseases
Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin F (Siglec-F) expression was identified on mouse M cells in the small intestine; Siglec-F functions in antigen transportation in the gut [49]
Summary
The mammalian gut contains a microbial community, defined as the microbiome, which includes bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc. Microbial genome sequences contain 3 × 106 genes, which is approximately 150-fold the length of the human genome [1]. Generation sequencing technology has contributed to understanding the intricate relationship between the microbiome and related diseases. 16S rRNA sequencing results showed that Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes make up approximately 92% of the human microbiome [2]. Gut microbiota include 1,000 to 1,500 bacterial species; an individual contains only approximately 160 bacterial species, indicating that the composition of the microbiome is substantially different between individuals and is related to environmental changes and genetic inheritance [3, 4]. Environmental factors play a very important role in the gut microbiome. Even mice with the same genotype housed in separate cages within the same
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