Abstract
BackgroundSeveral daily living activities require people to coordinate the motion and the force produced by both arms, using their position sense and sense of effort. However, to date, the interaction in bimanual tasks has not been extensively investigated.MethodsWe focused on bimanual tasks where subjects were required:(Experiment 1) to move their hands until reaching the same position – equal hand position implied identical arm configurations in joint space - under different loading conditions;(Experiment 2) to produce the same amount of isometric force by pushing upward, with their hands placed in symmetric or asymmetric positions.The arm motions and forces required for accomplishing these tasks were in the vertical direction. We enrolled a healthy population of 20 subjects for Experiment 1 and 25 for Experiment 2. Our primary outcome was the systematic difference between the two hands at the end of each trial in terms of position for Experiment 1 and force for Experiment 2. In both experiments using repeated measure ANOVA we evaluated the effect of each specific condition, namely loading in the former case and hand configuration in the latter.ResultsIn the first experiment, the difference between the hands’ positions was greater when they were concurrently loaded with different weights. Conversely, in the second experiment, when subjects were asked to exert equal forces with both arms, the systematic difference between left and right force was not influenced by symmetric or asymmetric arm configurations, but by the position of the left hand, regardless of the right hand position. The performance was better when the left hand was in the higher position.ConclusionsThe experiments report the reciprocal interaction between position sense and sense of effort inbimanual tasks performed by healthy subjects. Apart for the intrinsic interest for a better understanding of basic sensorimotor processes, the results are also relevant to clinical applications, for defining functional evaluation and rehabilitative protocols for people with neurological diseases or conditions that impair the ability to sense and control concurrently position and force.
Highlights
Several daily living activities require people to coordinate the motion and the force produced by both arms, using their position sense and sense of effort
Experiment 1: position matching task The bias-error was influenced by the loading condition (loading condition effect: F (3, 57)=13.47; p < 0.001), regardless of the target position
In LC4, i.e., when the lighter weight was on the right hand, the bias-error changed sign with respect to LC3, but its absolute value was lower
Summary
Several daily living activities require people to coordinate the motion and the force produced by both arms, using their position sense and sense of effort. To successfully accomplish ordinary bimanual tasks our Central Nervous System (CNS) has to process the sensory inputs coming from both sides of the body’s midline and coordinates the actions of the two hands, integrating proprioceptive and haptic information Asymmetric conditions, such as simultaneously performing different actions with each hand or achieving the same goal in the presence of different sensory inputs from the two sides of the body, might influence task execution in healthy subjects due to cross-modal interference [1,2,3,4] as well as impair performance in people suffering from neurological pathologies [5,6,7,8]. The simultaneous processing of motions and forces could represent a challenge and it might lead to reciprocal interferences, a crucial topic that was rather disregarded in recent years [21, 25]
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