Interaction between Ni/NiO and PbTiO3: Phase reversal with redox switching

Abstract

In some applications it is useful to have Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) films printed and fired on metallic substrates because of low cost, ease of handling, and mechanical flexibility of the substrate. As part of the systematic studies on phase compatibility of metallic substrates with PZT ceramics, studies have been conducted on the interaction between Ni and PbTiO3 under oxidizing and neutral conditions at 1123 K. Phase relations in the pseudoternary system NiO-PbO-TiO2 and quaternary Ni-Pb-NiTiO3-PbTiO3 were explored by equilibrating compacted mixtures of component oxides and/or metals in air and prepurified Ar gas. The equilibrium phases were identified by x-ray diffraction and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results suggest that NiO is phase compatible with PbTiO3. When nickel surface is oxidized, NiO is in direct contact with PbTiO3 and there is no displacement reaction between NiO and PbTiO3. However, in neutral and reducing conditions metallic Ni reacts with PbTiO3 to form NiTiO3 and a lead-rich alloy, with catastrophic consequences in device applications. The results are rationalized using a thermodynamic analysis. The nature of phase relations in the system Ni-Pb-Zr-O is elucidated using thermodynamic data.