Abstract
The primate lentivirus auxiliary protein Vpx counteracts an unknown restriction factor that renders human dendritic and myeloid cells largely refractory to HIV-1 infection. We recently identified Samhd1 as this restriction factor. Samhd1 is a protein involved in Aicardi-Goutiere Syndrome (AGS), a genetic encephalopathy with symptoms mimicking congenital viral infection that has been proposed to act as a negative regulator of the interferon-stimulated DNA response. We show that Vpx induces proteasomal degradation of Samhd1. Silencing of Samhd1 in non-permissive cell lines alleviates HIV-1 restriction and is associated with a significant accumulation of viral DNA in infected cells. Concurrently, overexpression of Samhd1 in sensitive cells inhibits HIV-1 infection. The putative phosphohydrolase activity of Samhd1 is likely required for HIV-1 restriction. Vpx-mediated relief of restriction is abolished in Samhd1 negative cells. Finally, silencing of Samhd1 dramatically increases susceptibility of MDDCs to infection. Altogether, these results demonstrate that Samhd1 is an anti-retroviral protein expressed in cells of the myeloid lineage and inhibiting an early step of the viral life cycle.
Highlights
The primate lentivirus auxiliary protein Vpx counteracts an unknown restriction factor that renders human dendritic and myeloid cells largely refractory to HIV-1 infection
We recently identified Samhd1 as this restriction factor
Samhd1 is a protein involved in AicardiGoutière Syndrome (AGS), a genetic encephalopathy with symptoms mimicking congenital viral infection that has been proposed to act as a negative regulator of the ínterferon-stimulated DNA response
Summary
The primate lentivirus auxiliary protein Vpx counteracts an unknown restriction factor that renders human dendritic and myeloid cells largely refractory to HIV-1 infection. Interaction between HIV and its host: role for viral and cellular sncRNA From Frontiers of Retrovirology 2011 Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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