Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is one of the familiar childhood immune-mediated onsets and can lead to early mortalities and morbidities. It can arise at any stage, but the peak of occurrence is reported less than 18 years of age. T1DM cases in Pakistan were less than 2% of the total diabetic population. The current work designed to assess the concentration of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) in blood, scalp hair and serum samples of T1DM children, age ranged 1 - 14 years of both genders. For comparison purpose, the age-matched referent subjects of both genders were tested. The microwave-assisted acid digestion procedure was used to determine the elemental analysis in the biological samples of T1DM children and referent subjects. The resulted data of certified reference material of blood, scalp hair, and serum validated the certainty of the designed method. The analysis of Zn was performed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, while the Cd contents were determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. T1DM affected children of both genders have lower Zn level in the blood, scalp hair, and serum samples. Whereas, the levels of Cd were found to be higher in the biological samples of T1DM affected children as compared to referent subjects. The finding of the current study is a significant hypothesis for medical experts, to diagnose the deficiency of essential (Zn) and toxicity of heavy/toxic element (Cd) in the biological specimen of T1DM affected children.
Highlights
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a global issue
The anthropometric parameters such as weight, height, body mass index, white blood cells, and red blood cells were significantly lower in Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1DM) children as compared to control subjects whilst glucose level, glycated hemoglobin, platelets, platelet distribution width and mean platelet volume were higher in T1DM children as compared to control children of both genders
It can be concluded that impaired trace-element metabolism may have a key role in the pathogenesis and progression of Type-1 diabetes mellitus
Summary
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a global issue. It is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality all over the world. The other risk factors of DM may include obesity and high caloric intake [2] [3]. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is insulin-dependent, occurs in childhood, results in partial or complete damage of the insulin-producing beta cells (β-cells) and Type 2 DM (non-insulin dependent) happens in adulthood, caused by insulin resistance or insulin shortage [1]. T1DM can happen at any age, the peak occurrence is observed under 18 years of age [5] [6]. The major risk factors for DM are identified as the positive family history, age, and fatness especially central obesity [7] [8]. The occurrence of T1-DM is more than the individual’s 20 cases/y/one million individuals [10]
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