Interacting spins in a cavity: Finite-size effects and symmetry-breaking dynamics

Abstract

We calculate the ground state and simulate the dynamics of a finite chain of spins with Ising nearest-neighbor interactions and a Dicke collective spin interaction with a single-mode cavity field. We recover the signatures of first- and second-order phase transitions predicted by mean-field theory, and for small chains, we find significant and nontrivial finite-size effects. Below the first-order phase transition, even quite large spin chains of 30--40 spins give rise to a mean photon number and number fluctuations significantly above the mean-field vacuum result. Near the second-order phase critical point, our calculations reveal photon number fluctuations that grow beyond Poisson statistics with the size of the spin chain. We simulate the stochastic evolution of the system when the cavity output field is subject to homodyne detection. For an initial state close to the first-order phase-transition the random character of the measurement process causes a measurement-induced symmetry breaking in the system. This symmetry breaking occurs on the time scale needed for an observer to gather sufficient information to distinguish between the two possible (mean-field) symmetry-broken states.