Abstract
Simple SummaryThe biology of many species of cuckoo wasps (Chrysididae) is largely unknown, except for, if at all, the host species of these brood parasites. Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), which form a waxy layer on the body surface of insects, have been shown to be mimicked by host-specific cuckoo wasp species. We studied the CHC profiles of a rather generalist brood parasitic cuckoo wasp species, Trichrysis cyanea, in detail. We found sex-related differences in CHCs and three different chemotypes among females. Genetic data reject the possibility that these different chemotypes represent different (cryptic) species. The CHC polymorphism could be an adaptation for females to sneak into nesting holes of hosts with the different female chemotypes representing adaptations to a broader host range. However, since information on the CHC profiles of the hosts is missing, it remains unclear whether these different CHC profiles are used for chemical mimicry or are simply age-related, reflecting the females’ reproductive state. Cuckoo wasps (Chrysididae, Hymenoptera) are known for their parasitoid or cleptoparasitic life histories. Indeed, the biology of only a few species has been studied in detail and often only little more is known than the host species. By mimicking their hosts’ cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles, species that parasitize single (or a few closely related) host species manage to deceive their hosts. However, the variability of the CHC profile in generalist cuckoo-wasp species is still unknown. Here, we used gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and DNA barcoding to study intraspecific variation in cuticular hydrocarbons of one less host-specific species of cuckoo wasps, Trichrysis cyanea. Cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) patterns were found to differ between males and females. Additionally, we found chemical polymorphism among females, which formed three distinct chemical subgroups characterized by different alkene patterns. A lack of divergence in the DNA barcoding region suggests that these different chemotypes do not represent cryptic species. Whether this intrasexual CHC-profile variation is an adaptation (mimicry) to different host species, or simply signaling the reproductive status, remains unclear.
Highlights
IntroductionThe cuticle of insects is covered by a thin layer of wax. These epicuticular lipids mainly consist of hydrocarbons with a typical length between 19 and 50 carbon atoms [1,2]
Different species have evolved with different cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles
In the present study, using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and DNA barcoding, we investigated CHC-profiles in T. cyanea
Summary
The cuticle of insects is covered by a thin layer of wax. These epicuticular lipids mainly consist of hydrocarbons with a typical length between 19 and 50 carbon atoms [1,2]. The number and identity of the CHC molecules on the cuticle varies among species, and their relative abundance. These profiles are often speciesspecific in arthropods, such that CHCs are regarded as potentially useful markers in chemical taxonomy and systematics (e.g., [3]). CHCs have several functions in insects (and other arthropods) They prevent desiccation by building a hydrophobic barrier against water loss through the cuticula. They are used for chemical communication, e.g., as pheromones, for mate recognition and mate choice, and they can impart information about gender, age, fertility, health and colony and caste affiliation [2,6,7]. CHCs serve as a barrier against microorganisms and play an important role in predator/parasite-prey interactions [7,8]
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