Inter- and intrapopulation differences in the association between physical multimorbidity and depressive symptoms

Abstract

BackgroundThe association between physical multimorbidity and depression differs by populations. However, no direct inter- or intrapopulation comparison of the association has been conducted. Thus, this study aims to estimate the association in China and the United States and reveal inter- and intrapopulation differences in the association. MethodsMiddle-aged and older adults from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study and the Health and Retirement Study were included. Physical multimorbidity was defined as the simultaneous presence of two or more chronic physical conditions and depressive symptoms was measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Generalized estimating equation model and stratification multilevel method were the main statistical models. ResultsThe presence of physical multimorbidity was associated with a higher risk of depression in both China (RR = 1.360 [95 % CI: 1.325–1.395]) and the US (RR = 1.613 [95 % CI: 1.529–1.701]). For individuals at a low risk of multimorbidity, multimorbidity was associated with 47.4 % (95 % CI: 1.377–1.579) and 71.1 % (95 % CI: 1.412–2.074) increases in the likelihood of depression in China and the US. The effect size was smaller for individuals at a moderate or high risk. However, the cross-national differences were greater for those with a high risk of multimorbidity. LimitationsThe self-report measures, attribution bias. ConclusionsCompared to Chinese adults, the presence of physical multimorbidity led to an additional increase in depressive symptoms for American counterparts. The association was stronger for individuals at a low risk of multimorbidity, but cross-national differences were observed mostly among individuals at a high risk.