Abstract
In the European Union rice is mainly grown in the Mediterranean countries with Italy and Spain being the top producers. Toward the end of 20th century, the number of farms dramatically decreased in all rice producing countries. For example, in Italy the total number of rice farms decreased to about one-half while the mean cultivating area per farm showed a proportional increase (from 20 to around 50 ha). Due to the high cost and shortage of human labor in Europe, rice crop in Europe is mostly cultivated under the intensive production system. In Italy, a single farm worker can manage from 40 to 60 ha of rice fields and many farmers are University graduates. Farm mechanization usually includes a number of equipment such as plows, scrapers, manure-spreaders, harrows, furrowers, combines and milling-machines. The major production and environmental challenges related to intensive rice production systems in Europe are presented.
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