Abstract
Mixed-acid system consisting of Brønsted and Lewis acids as an innovative strategy for directly converting cellulose in ethanol medium was conducted to improve the production of ethyl levulinate (EL). A combination of low loading H2SO4 (0.01mol/L) and Al(OTf)3 (0.002mol/L) was found to be an efficient catalyst system for this reaction, affording an optimum EL yield of 64.9% at 180°C for 3h. A possible synergistic catalytic mechanism was proposed based on the reactivity of various carbohydrates. The developed mixed-acid catalyst system was further extended to the direct transformation of real cellulosic biomasses for the synthesis of EL.
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