Intelligent Adaptable e-Assessment for Inclusive e-Learning

Access to education is one of the main human rights. Everyone should have access to education and be capable of benefiting from it. However there are a number who are excluded, not because of a lack of ability but simply because they have a disability or specific need which current education systems do not address. A learning system in which content, tools and interfaces can be personalised and adapted to the individual needs and preferences of a variety of learners, including those with disabilities, becomes inclusive. Assessment is an integral part of an e-learning environment and therefore it has to provide not only inclusive e-learning content but also inclusive e-assessment. The proposed research investigates an intelligent adaptable e-learning system for assessing students' level of skill, knowledge and understanding regardless of their disabilities or accessibility needs. It is based on an innovative use of world's first open source adaptable widget design and authoring toolkit (WIDGaT) as the prototyping environment.

In the current educational setting, the responsibility for teaching students with special needs no longer lies exclusively with special education (SPED) teachers. This shift indicates that the educational paradigm has shifted toward inclusion, necessitating regular interaction and collaboration between receiving teachers and students with special needs (Saloviita, 2018; Byrd R. & Alexander M. 2020) [9]. This study attempted to assess the level of knowledge, skills and attitude of receiving or regular teachers toward inclusive education in Angelo L. Loyola Senior High School, City of Carmona Cavite. It determined the receiving or regular teachers’ level of knowledge, on inclusive education, their level skills and attitude toward inclusive education. Further, it probed the relationship between respondents’ level of knowledge and level of skills on inclusive education; between the respondents’ level of knowledge and attitude for inclusive education and between respondents ’level of skills toward inclusive education. This study, which utilized the descriptive correlational research design, employed 73 regular teachers for its respondents. The findings of the study revealed that the receiving or regular teachers had high level of knowledge on inclusive education with an average mean of 2.93. They had high level of skills inclusive education with an average weighted mean of 3.16. Also, their level of attitude toward inclusive education was “positive” with an average weighted mean of 3.34 Further, there was significant relationship between the respondents’ level of knowledge and skills on inclusive education as shown by the probability value of 0.000 was lower than the 0.001 level of significance; significant relationship between the respondents’ level of skills and attitude toward inclusive education as shown by the probability value of 0.000 was higher than the 0.01 significance level. However, there was a low significant relationship between the respondents’ level of knowledge and attitude for inclusive education as shown by the probability value of 0.025 was less than the 0.05. significance level. It was concluded in the study that the receiving or regular senior high school teachers are conversant about inclusive education. They are generally capable to or inclined toward inclusive education. They have positive attitude or optimistic outlook to incorporate inclusive education in their regular teaching processes. Likewise, the higher their level of knowledge on inclusive education the higher is their level of skills for inclusive education and the higher their level of skills for inclusive education the positive is their attitude toward inclusive education.

Children construct knowledge through a meaningful play. Playing is a norm for each child; hence they are more inclined to learn through play. Children’s playing activities have to be significantly planned by teachers to obtain a quality product. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the level of knowledge and skills in teaching with the use of learning through play method. The research samples consisted of 44 teachers from 9 schools with the Integrated Special Education Programme in the district of Kinta Selatan, Perak, Malaysia. This quantitative research used survey through a questionnaire that was adapted from Norhaya Isa. The questionnaire had 3 sections which were teachers’ demography, the level of knowledge in teaching using the learning through play method, and the level of skills in teaching using the learning through play method. The research findings were analysed descriptively using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 22.0. A pilot study was conducted and the coefficient value Alpha Cronbach was high which was 0.937. A descriptive analysis of the mean scores showed that the teachers’ levels of knowledge and skills were high. In conclusion, the research findings showed that teachers’ level of knowledge and skills in implementing teaching and learning through the learning through play method is vital in producing successful special needs pupils. Therefore, teachers need to improve their knowledge as well as to vary their skills in using the various methods of teaching and learning.

Learners usually meet cognitive overload and disorientation problems when using e-learning system. At present, most of the studies in e-learning either concentrate on the technological aspect or focus on adapting learner's interests or browsing behaviors, while, learner's skill level and learners' success rate is usually neglected. In this paper, the authors propose an online course generation based not only on the difficulty level of a learning unit, but also the changing learning performance of the individual learner during the learning process. Therefore, considering learner's skill level and learners' success rate can promote personalized learning performance. Learners' skill level is obtained from pre-test result analysis, while learners' success rate is acquired through specific tests after completing a learning unit. After computing success rate of a learning unit, the system then modifies the difficulty level of the corresponding learning unit to update courseware material sequencing. Experiment results indicate that applying the proposed intelligent e-learning system can generate high quality learning paths, and help learners to learn more effectively.

Learners usually meet cognitive overload and disorientation problems when using e-learning system. At present, most of the studies in e-learning either concentrate on the technological aspect or focus on adapting learner's interests or browsing behaviors, while, learner's skill level and learners' success rate is usually neglected. In this paper, the authors propose an online course generation based not only on the difficulty level of a learning unit, but also the changing learning performance of the individual learner during the learning process. Therefore, considering learner's skill level and learners' success rate can promote personalized learning performance. Learners' skill level is obtained from pre-test result analysis, while learners' success rate is acquired through specific tests after completing a learning unit. After computing success rate of a learning unit, the system then modifies the difficulty level of the corresponding learning unit to update courseware material sequencing. Experiment results indicate that applying the proposed intelligent e-learning system can generate high quality learning paths, and help learners to learn more effectively.

This study aimed to determine the rate of telemedicine (TM) use and the levels of awareness, knowledge, attitude, and skills of TM among primary healthcare (PHC) providers. In a cross-sectional study, 104 PHC providers were subjected to a validated AKAS scale via Survey Monkey. The tool consists of 4 parameters that users can respond to using a 4-point Likert scale to assess their awareness (12 statements), knowledge (11 statements), attitude (11 statements), and skills (13 statements) on TM. Total and percentage mean scores (PMS) were calculated for each parameter. Participants were categorized in each parameter into three categories: low (≤ 49% score), average (50-70% score), and high (≥ 71% score) levels. The association of AKAS levels with personal characteristics and TM use was investigated. The significance was set at p<0.05. One-half of participants (51%) reported current use of TM, and two-thirds (63.5%) reported a high level of AKAS, with a PMS of 72.9±14.7, 95% CI: 70.1-75.7. There were significant associations between the following: years of experience and levels of knowledge (Χ2LT = 6.77, p= 0.009) and skills (Χ2LT = 4.85, p = 0.028), respectively; and total household income and levels of skills (Χ2LT = 6.91, p= 0.009). The rate of TM use was significantly associated with awareness levels (Χ2LT = 6.14, p = 0.013). Lack of training ranked as the first barrier (45.5%), followed by connection problems and tools' unavailability (35.1% each). The participants recommended providing TM training (41.1%) and stabilization of connection and networking signals (30.1%). Despite their high level of TM awareness, the rate of TM use by PHC providers is less than satisfactory. Establishing standardized TM training and supporting the network signals are recommended. A large-scale study on the impact of TM integration with PHC services is necessary.

Hybrid Techniques have been used widely to construct a predictive model for intelligent e learning system, a decision tree techniques is one that have been implemented a large area of Intelligent e learning systems. In this paper, we review the recent literature on various solutions to address different techniques to build intelligent e-learning system to serve the academic institutions and enhancing the students learning path. This paper we provide a general overview of methodologies and the machine learning techniques in area of education and learning purposes and gives main citations for the comprehensive understanding and further explorations of this area of research. To be specific, previous attempts to enable to construct intelligent model for e learning system are examined, (1) over view of design intelligent model for e learning system: Various techniques have been used to build predictive and intelligent model for e learning such decision tree techniques, Naive Bays, Neural Network and K-nearest neighbor.(2) the techniques that are used for building intelligent e learning system (3) the issues that have been faced through implementation of the proposed system (4) Problem and system analysis of the predictive model of intelligent e learning system.

Introduction. Medical history and physical examination are basic elements allowing nurses to assess patients’ health. The ability to auscultate the chest in combination with anatomical and physiological knowledge constitute a quick and reliable method of differentiation and diagnosis of many diseases. Aim. The aim of the study was to assess knowledge and skills in the field of chest auscultation among nursing staff . Material and method. A prospective, pilot observational study was conducted on a group of 51 nurses. The level of knowledge and skills in the field of chest auscultation and independence in undertaking this activity in professional work were assessed. The knowledge test developed by the author, survey questionnaire and SimScope 360-3400 trainer were used. P&lt;0.05 value was considered statistically significant. Results. Lack of chest auscultation skills was observed in 10% of the respondents, although none of them revealed lack of knowledge in this respect (p&lt;0.001). Higher level of knowledge correlated with higher level of skills of the respondents, while a lower level of knowledge conditioned a lower level of skills (p=0.049). In the respondents’ opinion, auscultation of the lungs and heart are activities performed only by a doctor. Conclusions. Despite a moderate level of knowledge and skills in the field of chest auscultation, nursing staff do not use physical examination techniques in their daily work.

English is one of the mandatory languages studied in education in Malaysia. Technology is proved to be an effective tool to assist students in mastering English vocabulary, specifically interactive multimedia. However, it has been found that the application of interactive multimedia among teachers is still at a basic level. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the level of pre-school teachers' knowledge in the application of multimedia for teaching English vocabulary, determine the level of pre-school teachers' skills in the application of interactive multimedia for teaching English, and establish the relationship between pre-school teachers' knowledge and skills in the application of interactive multimedia for teaching English vocabulary. This study used a quantitative survey design. The study data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel. The questionnaires in the study involved 39 pre-school teachers from the Kinabatangan district, Sabah. The findings revealed that the respondents' knowledge of the application of interactive multimedia in teaching English vocabulary is high (M=3.99, SD=0.692). The respondents also have a high level of skills in applying interactive multimedia for teaching English vocabulary (M=3.70, SD=0.685). Inferential statistical analysis further showed a significant relationship between the level of knowledge and skills (r=0.679, p&lt;0.05). The implication of this study shows that the level of knowledge and skill of pre-school teachers are high in applying multimedia interactive for teaching English vocabulary. In conclusion, this study provides an overview of the level of knowledge and skills of pre-school teachers in applying interactive multimedia for teaching English vocabulary.

This descriptive-correlational study determined the relationship between the health educators’ knowledge, skills, and performance in biorisk management in the University of Perpetual help System Jonelta. The study probed the predictive ability of knowledge and skills of the health educators’ performance in biorisk management. The results of the study served as basis in developing a training program on biorisk management that was common and applicable to all allied health educators. The study, which was conducted from November 2022 to April 2023, involved 199 health educators of the University as respondents. The study results revealed that the respondents’ level of knowledge on biorisk management was very high (x̅ = 3.27); level of skills was high (x̅ = 2.93), and level of performance was high (x̅ = 3.08). Significant relationships were found between the respondents’ level of knowledge and level of skills; between level of knowledge and level of performance; and between level of skills and performance in biorisk management along principles and policies, assessment, safety measures, waste management, and personnel protective equipment (p&lt;0.01). Further, knowledge along safety measures (p=.007&lt;.05), waste management (p=.0071&lt;.05), and level of skills along personal protective equipment(p=.029&lt;.05), and the combination of all skills (p=.007&lt;.05) were found to be significant predictors of performance in biorisk management. It was concluded that the allied faculty members of UPHSL are highly cognizant of the effective management of risks posed by working with infectious agents and toxins; they are competent, trained, and experienced in various aspects of biorisk management in health education settings; and they enforce the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in a health education setting and are skilled in managing the proper disposal of biological waste, among others. Likewise, the higher is their level of knowledge, the higher the level of skills on biorisk management and level of performance in biorisk management; and the higher their level of skills, the higher is the level of performance in biorisk management. Moreover, knowledge on safety measures and waste management; and skills on personal protective equipment and the combination of all the skills on principles and policies, assessment, safety measures, waste management, and personal protective equipment are predictors of performance in biorisk management

Learners usually meet cognitive overload and disorientation problems when using e–learning systems. At present, most of the studies on e–learning either concentrate on technological aspects or focus on adapting learners' interests or browsing behaviours, while, learners' skill level and learners' multiple intelligences are usually neglected. In this paper, an adaptive and intelligent tutoring system (AITS) by expert system based not only on the difficulty level of activities, but also the changing learning performance of the individual learner during the learning process is proposed. Therefore, considering learners' skill level and learners' multiple intelligences can promote personalised learning performance. Learners' skill level is obtained from pre–test result analysis, while learners' multiple intelligences are obtained from questionnaire analysis. After computing learning success rate, the system then modifies the difficulty level or the presentation of corresponding activity to update courseware material sequencing.

The study assessed the use of soil improvement practices among arable crop farmers in Egbedore Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from one hundred and twenty farmers randomly from six communities through the use of structured interview schedule. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. The results show that most of the farmers were between the ages of 21 and 60 years with mean age of 43.5. The large Original Research Article Adekunmi et al.; AJEA, 5(5): 482-488, 2015; Article no.AJEA.2015.048 483 household size of respondents indicates that farmers depended more on family members for labour. The soil improvement practices which were mainly used by the respondents were: bush fallowing, mixed cropping, mulching, animal droppings and application of NPK fertilizer. The use of compost, superphosphates were not common among the arable crop farmers in the study area. Majority (72.5%) of the respondents preferred using planting systems as soil improvement practices. The .result of the correlation analysis shows that there was significant relationship between respondents’ farming experience, level of education and the use of soil improvement practices at P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.01 respectively. The numbers of soil improvement practices used was determined by the years of formal education and years of farming experience. There was a significant relationship between the level of skill and knowledge of respondents in any soil improvement practice (r = 0.772; P ≤ 0.01). This implies that the use of any of the soil improvement practice is determined by the level of knowledge and skill of the farmer on that practice. It was recommended that farmers should be trained enhancing skills and improving knowledge of different planting systems, preparation of organic practices and proper use of both organic and inorganic fertilizers.

This study was conducted to examine the level of competence and method of teaching Tarannum al-Quran by the teachers of Special Class on Reading and Memorizing Al-Quran Skill (KKQ). The sample involved in this study was 46 KKQ teachers who taught in KKQ class in Johor. This study used a survey method in the process of collecting data and intormation. A set of questionnaire has been developed and used as the tool of study. The questionnaire was divided into three parts, namely t>vo characteristics of competence: 1) The teacher's level of knowledge in Tarannum, 2) The teacher's level of skill in Tarannum, and 3) The method of teaching Tarannuni by the teachers. The lindings show' that the level of teacher's knowledge of Tarannum 's is moderately high w ith a min value of 3.64, while the level of teacher's skill in Tarannum is inoderately low with a min value of 2.78. The study also found that the method of using CD and ICT in teaching Tarannum was the most popular method used by the respondents, the level for teaching method is moderate with mean 3.42.

This paper presents part of the results of a study conducted in the context of PhD studies of the first of the authors in order to assess a) the level of knowledge, perceptions, skills, attitudes and mobilization of human resources of social services on issues of protection of Human Rights (HR) of vulnerable social groups (VSG), and b) the impact on this level of both Lifelong Learning (LL) of human resources in the field of Human Rights and their level of studies. For data to be collected, a closed-ended electronic questionnaire was created and completed by four hundred and fifty-three active employees in social services operating in the three Regional Units of Western Greece. The most important results of the survey showed that the knowledge of human resources in the field of Human Rights was moderate. Moreover, it is concluded that the perceptions of human resources regarding the equality which VSG should enjoy in exercising their rights and receiving social benefits from the state range from very high to extremely high levels, respectively. At the same time, the emergence rate of socio-emotional skills during human resources contact with VSG appears to be adequate. On the contrary, the research data showed little mobilization of human resources to defend the rights of VSG within and outside the work environment. In addition, after correlating the categories of LL with the variables under study, the main results showed that the higher the levels of Formal Human Resource Education in the field of Human Rights, the less the various characteristics of VSG (gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, mental-physical disability, age, racial-ethnic origin, religion, socioeconomic status, language, skin color) constitute a barrier of discrimination during their contact with them, the more their socio-emotional skills emerge and their degree of mobilization increases. Finally, as the levels of studies increase, the higher the level of knowledge developed in the field of Human Rights by the participants in the research and the less the various characteristics of VSG affect the provision of quality services to them. On the contrary, the lower the educational level of human resources, the greater their mobilization within and outside the work environment.&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/soc/0804/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Purpose of the study: This paper will discuss the gaps in the current and Islamic education systems, focusing on Indo-Pakistan. Islamic education aims to bring attitudinal changes and build a value system among humans that should transform society by promoting love, peace, equality, purity, integrity, forgiveness, and justice.&#x0D; Methodology: This is descriptive research where Islamic education and Contemporary education have been analyzed. Emphasis has been placed on Indo-Pakistan, the Western education system, and the Islamization of education in Pakistan and its future.&#x0D; Principal Findings: As a state, Pakistan comprises politically, geographically, culturally, linguistically, and educationally diverse people. They cannot trace their origins by calling themselves Arabs or Indians. That conflict is reflected in Pakistan's education system – which has lost its identity to be called either religious or contemporary. The moral and ethical standards to bring any positive behavior change are hardly maintained to groom the graduates in the current education system. The Western education left by the British in the Subcontinent, including Pakistan, has its colonial drawbacks, which need to be addressed.&#x0D; Application of this study: In Pakistan and other Islamic states, it is essential to instill Islamic values within the current education system. One of the viable solutions that could make the Muslim world, including Pakistan, move forward is to accept modern-day learning practices and introduce a hybrid education system. A system that safeguards Islam's values and principles and has rich content of research and development in various fields carried out by the West, irrespective of religious affiliation. This study would benefit researchers and policymakers in framing such an education system.&#x0D; The novelty of this study: The paper frames some recommendations to tailor the existing education system according to the Islamic education system.