Intelligence

Abstract

AbstractThis article reviews the history of theory and research on intelligence. It starts with a consideration of expert opinions on the nature of intelligence. It considers in particular operational definitions and symposia of expert opinions on the nature of intelligence. The chapter then continues with a discussion of the seminal views of Galton and Binet. Then it discusses psychometric theories of intelligence, including Spearman's theory of the general factor (so‐called “two‐factor theory”), Thomson's theory of bonds, Thurstone's theory of primary mental abilities, hierarchical theories (Holzinger, Burt, Vernon, Cattell, Carroll, Guilford's structure‐of‐intellect theory, and Guttman's radex theory.After discussing psychometric theories, developmental theories are discussed. First, Piaget's theory of intellectual development is considered. Next, Vygotsky's theory is considered. The first theory emphasizes development more from the inside‐out, and the latter theory, more from the outside‐in. Next the chapter moves on to theories of cognitive processes. The earliest cognitive work was done by Spearman. Many years later, Hunt proposed a cognitive‐correlates approach, and Sternberg, a complementary cognitive‐components approach. A third approach emphasized cognitive training, and a fourth approach, cognitive contents. The chapter next discusses biological approaches and then, contextual approaches.Finally, the chapter discusses recent systems approaches to intelligence, which integrate some of the earlier approaches. Gardner has proposed a theory of multiple intelligences, according to which each of 8 sets of skills are viewed as emanating from separate intelligences. Sternberg has proposed a triarchic theory, which emphasizes the respective roles of analytical, creative, and practical abilities.Approaches to intelligence are still evolving, and the future may bring new syntheses with regard to the best ways to understand the nature of human intelligence.