Abstract
Integrins are transmembrane receptors that function as noncovalent heterodimers that mediate cellular adhesion and migration, cell to cell communication, and intracellular signaling activation. In kidney, latency associated peptide-transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) were found as the novel ligands of integrins that contribute to renal interstitial fibrosis and focal segmental glomerular sclerosis glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Interestingly, recent studies revealed that integrins are the compositional cargo of exosomes. Increasing evidence suggested that exosomal integrin played critical roles in diverse pathophysiologic conditions such as tumor metastasis, neurological disorders, immunology regulation, and other processes. This review will focus on the biology and function of exosomal integrin, emphasizing its potential role in kidney disease as well as its implications in developing novel therapeutic and diagnosis approaches for kidney disease.
Highlights
Integrins are transmembrane receptors that function as noncovalent heterodimers
Integrins are essential for normal cellular adhesion and polarization, while specific pathogenic subtypes of integrins have the potential to trigger renal inflammation and fibrosis via activating transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)
Exosomal integrin may contribute to the injury and repair processes of kidney disease as the novel format of integrin via mediating cellular communication and downstream signaling activation
Summary
There are 24 distinct integrin receptors that can recognize and bind to multiple ligands such as extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, thereby mediating cell adhesion and intracellular signaling (MorenoLayseca et al, 2019). Other novel ligands include latency associated peptide-transforming growth factor β (L-TGF-β) and soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) were found to bind to integrin and participated in the pathogenesis of kidney disease. Studies have revealed essential roles of exosomal integrin in oncology, neurology, and immunology, its role in kidney pathophysiology. Exploring the role of exosomal integrin in kidney disease would be helpful in understanding the mechanism of kidney disease and identifying novel diagnosis and treatment strategies. Pathophysiologic roles of exosomal integrin in diverse diseases are discussed, especially the role and potential applications in therapy and diagnosis of kidney diseases
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