Abstract
Two new species, Hyphessobrycon frickei Guimarães, Brito, Bragança, Katz & Ottoni sp. nov. and H. geryi Guimarães, Brito, Bragança, Katz & Ottoni sp. nov., are herein described, based on seven different and independent species delimitation methods, and on molecular and morphological characters, making the hypothesis of these new species supported from an integrative taxonomy perspective. They belong to the “Rosy tetra” clade, which is mainly characterized by the presence of a dark brown or black blotch on the dorsal fin and the absence of a midlateral stripe on the body. These two new species are distinguished from the other members of this clade mainly by the arrangement, shape and color pattern of humeral and dorsal-fin spots, as well as by other characters related to scale counts and body pigmentation. The placement of the new species within the “Rosy tetra” clade was based on the combination of morphological character states mentioned above and corroborated by a molecular phylogenetic analysis using the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit 1. In addition, a new clade (here termed Hyphessobrycon copelandi clade) within the “Rosy tetra” clade is proposed based on molecular data, comprising H. copelandi, H. frickei sp. nov., H. geryi sp. nov. and a still undescribed species. Our results corroborate the occurrence of hidden species within the “Rosy tetra” clade, as suggested by previous studies.
Highlights
Hyphessobrycon Durbin, 1908 is one of the most species-rich and widespread characid genus, comprising about 160 valid species and occurring from southern Mexico to the Río de La Plata in Argentina (Fricke et al 2020a)
The new species differs from H. copelandi Durbin, 1908 and H. haraldschultzi Travassos, 1960 by the number of scales on the lateral series (33–37 vs 29–31, 28–30 lateral line scales, respectively); and from H. geryi Guimarães, Brito, Bragança, Katz & Ottoni sp. nov. by the number of horizontal scale rows between the lateral line and pelvic-fin origin (3 vs 4–5, modally 4)
Molecular diagnosis (CBB) Hyphessobrycon frickei Guimarães, Brito, Bragança, Katz & Ottoni sp. nov. is a member of the H. copelandi clade, possessing the following 25 nucleotide substitutions: c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) 90 (C→A), COI 126 (A→G), COI 138 (C→T), COI 189 (C→T), COI 192 (T→A), COI 237 (C→T), COI 264 (T→C), COI 282 (C→T), COI 285 (C→A), COI 312 (T→C), COI 384 (C→T), COI 402 (A→G), COI 429 (A→G), COI 435 (A→G), COI 486 (T→C), COI 522 (A→G), COI 525 (C→T), COI 547 (C→T), COI 582 (T→C), COI 621 (T→C), COI 624 (A→G), COI 678 (T→C), COI 684 (A→C), COI 690 (T→C), COI 696 (A→G)
Summary
Hyphessobrycon Durbin, 1908 is one of the most species-rich and widespread characid genus, comprising about 160 valid species and occurring from southern Mexico to the Río de La Plata in Argentina (Fricke et al 2020a). Despite its non-monophyletic status (Mirande 2010; Oliveira et al 2011; Betancur-R et al 2018; Guimarães et al 2018; Mirande 2018; Guimarães et al 2019), Hyphessobrycon is one of the genera within Characidae whose species diversity has increased significantly in the past decades. In the absence of a stable phylogenetic definition, many species have been described and were assigned to Hyphessobrycon based on its traditional diagnosis by Eigenmann (1917, 1918). The number of species of Hyphessobrycon has increased substantially, large knowledge gaps persist for the majority of species assigned to the genus, mainly regarding their phylogenetic position, e.g., Hyphessobrycon brumado Zanata & Camelier, 2010, Hyphessobrycon frankei Zarske & Géry, 1997, Hyphessobrycon negodagua Lima & Gerhard, 2001 and Hyphessobrycon werneri Géry & Uj, 1987
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