Integrative Metabolomics and Proteomics Detected Hepatotoxicity in Mice Associated with Alkaloids from Eupatorium fortunei Turcz.

Abstract

The traditional Chinese herbal medicine Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. (E. fortunei) has been widely adopted to treat nausea, diabetes, siriasis, and poor appetite. However, E. fortunei contains multiple pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). This study aimed to investigate the hepatotoxicity of total alkaloids in E. fortunei (EFTAs) and identify the toxic mechanisms of EFTAs on hepatocytes. Liquid chromatography with a tandem mass spectrometry assay with reference standards indicated that EFTAs mainly consisted of eight PAs whose content accounted for 92.38% of EFTAs. EFTAs markedly decreased mouse body and liver weights and increased the contents of AST and ALT. The histopathological assays demonstrated that, after exposition to EFTAs, the structures of hepatocytes were damaged and the fibrosis and apoptosis in hepatocytes were accelerated. Moreover, EFTAs increased the serum level of inflammatory cytokines and aggravated circulating oxidative stress. A combination of hepatic proteomics and metabolomics was used to investigate the toxic mechanisms of EFTAs. The study revealed that EFTAs seriously disrupted glycerophospholipid metabolism by upregulating the contents of lysophosphatidylglycerol acyltransferase 1 and phosphatidylinositol and downregulating the contents of choline/ethanolamine kinase beta, choline-ethanolamine phosphotransferase 1, phospholipase D4, 1-acylglycerophosphocholine, phosphatidylcholine, and dihydroxyacetone phosphate in the liver, resulting in detrimental inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis. This study revealed that EFTAs induced severe hepatotoxicity by disrupting glycerophospholipid metabolism.