Integrative Analysis of Lipid Profiles in Plasma Allows Cardiometabolic Risk Factor Clustering in Children with Metabolically Unhealthy Obesity.

Elena Cristina Castillo,Carmen Hernández-Brenes,Dariana G Rodríguez-Sánchez,Víctor Treviño,Christian Silva-Platas,Leticia Elizondo-Montemayor,Luis Martín Marín-Obispo,Gerardo García-Rivas,Nora A Rodríguez-Gutierrez

doi:10.1155/2020/2935278

Abstract

Hypertension, central obesity, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia are key risk factors for cardiovascular disease. However, the specific factors contributing to the development of unfavorable cardiometabolic characteristics in children with obesity are unknown. In this study, we investigated the cross-sectional relationships between cytokines, irisin, and fatty acid (FA) composition in plasma in school-age children with metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity (MHO and MUO, respectively) of the same age and body mass index and waist circumference percentiles. We compared the data with that of children with normal weight (NW). We found that inflammatory cytokines and low irisin plasma concentrations are associated with obesity but not with cardiometabolic risk (CMR). Lipid profiles showed that children with MUO have a distinctive FA profile compared with children with MHO and NW, whereas children with MHO shared 88% of the FA profile with the NW group. Among all FAs, concentration of myristic acid (14 : 0), arachidic acid (20 : 0), and n-3 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) was higher in children with MHO, whereas n-6 PUFAs such as arachidonic acid (20 : 4n6) had a significant contribution in defining MUO. These data suggest that the plasma FA profile is not only a central link to obesity but also may act as an indicator of CMR presence.

Highlights

Given the lack of consensus on obesity-associated risk factors in the pediatric definition of metabolic syndrome, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends focusing on cardiovascular risk factor clustering (blood pressure, central obesity, hyperglycemia, high triglycerides (TG), and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-c]) to identify the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) [1]
The waist circumference percentile (WCp), and the BMI percentile (BMIp) did not differ between the groups, TG and diastolic blood pressure were significantly higher, and HDL-c levels were significantly lower in the metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) group compared with the Cardiometabolic risk factors
We found that fatty acid (FA) profiles of the phospholipid esters (PL) and cholesteryl esters (CE) fractions differentiate children with metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) from MUO independent of age, sex, BMI, and WCp

Summary

Introduction

Given the lack of consensus on obesity-associated risk factors in the pediatric definition of metabolic syndrome, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends focusing on cardiovascular risk factor clustering (blood pressure, central obesity, hyperglycemia, high triglycerides (TG), and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-c]) to identify the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) [1]. In this context, unraveling the factors that contribute to obesity (OB) and the development of cardiometabolic risk (CMR) has been a challenge. Our study provides an insight into the contribution of FAs for defining cardiometabolic risk clustering in children with MHO and MUO and might be helpful in determining awareness for the medical care beyond weight loss in children with obesity

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