Abstract
The apple is a favorite fruit for human diet and is one of the most important commercial fruit crops around the world. Investigating metabolic variations during fruit development can provide a better understanding on the formation of fruit quality. The present study applied a widely targeted LC-MS-based metabolomics approach with large-scale detection, identification and quantification to investigate the widespread metabolic changes during “Pinova” apple development and ripening. A total of 462 primary and secondary metabolites were simultaneously detected, and their changes along with the four fruit-development stages were further investigated. The results indicated that most of the sugars presented increasing accumulation levels while organic acid, including Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) intermediates, showed a distinct decreasing trend across the four fruit-development stages. A total of 207 secondary metabolites consisted of 104 flavonoids and 103 other secondary metabolites. Many flavonoids maintained relatively high levels in the early fruit stage and then rapidly decreased their levels at the following developmental stages. Further correlation analyses of each metabolite–metabolite pair highlighted the cross talk between the primary and secondary metabolisms across fruit development and ripening, indicating the significant negative correlations between sugars and secondary metabolites. Moreover, transcriptome analysis provided the molecular basis for metabolic variations during fruit development. The results showed that most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the TCA cycle were upregulated from the early fruit stage to the preripening stage. The extensive downregulation of controlling genes involved in the flavonoid pathway is probably responsible for the rapid decrease of flavonoid content at the early fruit stage. These data provide a global view of the apple metabolome and a comprehensive analysis on metabolomic variations during fruit development, providing a broader and better understanding on the molecular and metabolic basis of important fruit quality traits in commercial apples.
Highlights
The apple (Malus × domestica Borkh), as a member of the Rosaceae family, is one of the most important commercial fruit crops grown in temperate regions around the world
The comprehensive metabolic analysis described in this study presents the metabolic variations and transcriptional regulations during the apple development and ripening processes, providing the foundation for us to understand the molecular and metabolic bases of important fruit quality traits in commercial apples
To investigate the metabolic changes during the apple development process, we carried out four developmental stages of apples for extensive metabolic analysis by using the Liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS)-based metabolomics approach
Summary
The apple (Malus × domestica Borkh), as a member of the Rosaceae family, is one of the most important commercial fruit crops grown in temperate regions around the world. A previous study revealed the yield response, pest damage and fruit quality parameters of different apple varieties [2]. Apples undergo the ripening process accompanied by dramatic changes in flavor, firmness, aroma and color, which are the primary factors that contribute to fruit quality establishment [3]. Studies on apple development and maturation processes are helpful for us to understanding fruit quality formation. Apple development shows a simple sigmoidal growth curve over a period of approximately 150 days from flower blossoming to fruit ripening [4,5]. Previous physiological studies on apple development have revealed the metabolite synthesis/degradation contributing the fruit quality, such as sweetness, acidity, color and other phytochemicals that benefit human health
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