Abstract
Instruments of direct democracy have been considered both as hurdles to integration and as facilitating factors for integration. In the context of European Integration referendums are even envisioned as possible solutions to the ‘democratic deficit’. The insights from the literature on referendums do not allow, however, the role of direct democracy in processes of integration to be judged. In this chapter I explore with game theoretic tools the likely consequences of ratification referendums in an integration process. I show that referendums are likely to increase the legitimity of decisions but that the leeway for treaty revisions becomes smaller and integration may become more fragmented.
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