Integration of Multiplied Omics, a Step Forward in Systematic Dairy Research.

Yingkun Zhu,Lu Ma,Dengpan Bu

doi:10.3390/metabo12030225

Yingkun Zhu, Lu Ma + Show 1 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12030225

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Abstract

Due to their unique multi-gastric digestion system highly adapted for rumination, dairy livestock has complicated physiology different from monogastric animals. However, the microbiome-based mechanism of the digestion system is congenial for biology approaches. Different omics and their integration have been widely applied in the dairy sciences since the previous decade for investigating their physiology, pathology, and the development of feed and management protocols. The rumen microbiome can digest dietary components into utilizable sugars, proteins, and volatile fatty acids, contributing to the energy intake and feed efficiency of dairy animals, which has become one target of the basis for omics applications in dairy science. Rumen, liver, and mammary gland are also frequently targeted in omics because of their crucial impact on dairy animals’ energy metabolism, production performance, and health status. The application of omics has made outstanding contributions to a more profound understanding of the physiology, etiology, and optimizing the management strategy of dairy animals, while the multi-omics method could draw information of different levels and organs together, providing an unprecedented broad scope on traits of dairy animals. This article reviewed recent omics and multi-omics researches on physiology, feeding, and pathology on dairy animals and also performed the potential of multi-omics on systematic dairy research.

Highlights

Omics, referring to a field of study in biological sciences that ends with -omics, aims at the collective characterization and quantification of pools of biological molecules that translate into the structure, function, and dynamics of an organism or organisms
Rumen, liver, and mammary glands are the critical point research spots, which were suggested as critical organs related to the performance of dairy cows [10], in which enriched rumen could ferment dietary carbohydrates into volatile fatty acid (VFA), and could convert indigestible forage into nutrients by colonized symbiotic microbiota; the liver plays a critical role in processing absorbed nutrient and other bioactive components, acts as the core of fat mobilization, modifying the component of mammary gland secretion [11]
Apart from amino acids, glucose and alkaloids after the RP process showed altered digestive parameters: 200 g/d of RP glucose supplement increased rumen bacterial richness and diversity, elevated cellulolytic bacteria abundance, and changed rumen fermentation, increased the concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total volatile fatty acid [52]; additional RP betaine increased milk yield and milk protein and influenced pathways related to the synthesis of arginine and cyanoamino acid, the degradation of proline; RP betaine had no significant difference on growth performance comparing with unprotected betaine [47,111]

Summary

Introduction

Omics, referring to a field of study in biological sciences that ends with -omics, aims at the collective characterization and quantification of pools of biological molecules that translate into the structure, function, and dynamics of an organism or organisms. Current dairy research mainly applies omics methods to breeding, investigating physiology and pathology, developing new traits, and evaluating feed sources and supplements in widely spread organisms from the rumen to spermatozoa Among those organisms, rumen, liver, and mammary glands are the critical point research spots, which were suggested as critical organs related to the performance of dairy cows [10], in which enriched rumen could ferment dietary carbohydrates into volatile fatty acid (VFA), and could convert indigestible forage into nutrients by colonized symbiotic microbiota; the liver plays a critical role in processing absorbed nutrient and other bioactive components, acts as the core of fat mobilization, modifying the component of mammary gland secretion [11]. This article reviewed the application of omics techniques from metagenomics to metabolomics and their integration in the dairy research about lactation physiology, fertility, feeding, management, and diseases, emphasizing the significance of systematic view in the dairy research prospected futural multi-omics utilizations for dairy sciences studies

Multi-Omics Studies in Lactation Physiology

Multi-Omics Methods for Reproduction Research

Multi-Omics Assists Feeding and Management

Multi-Omics Promotes Revealing Dairy Diseases

Findings

Conclusions and Prospects