Abstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) have received massive consideration in the automotive industries due to their improved performance, efficiency and capability to minimize global warming and carbon emission impacts. The utilization of EVs has several potential benefits, such as increased use of renewable energy, less dependency on fossil-fuel-based power generations and energy-storage capability. Although EVs can significantly mitigate global carbon emissions, it is challenging to maintain power balance during charging on-peak hours. Thus, it mandates a comprehensive impact analysis of high-level electric vehicle penetration in utility grids. This paper investigates the impacts of large-scale EV penetration on low voltage distribution, considering the charging time, charging method and characteristics. Several charging scenarios are considered for EVs’ integration into the utility grid regarding power demand, voltage profile, power quality and system adequacy. A lookup-table-based charging approach for EVs is proposed for impact analysis, while considering a large-scale integration. It is observed that the bus voltage and line current are affected during high-level charging and discharging of the EVs. The residential grid voltage sag increases by about 1.96% to 1.77%, 2.21%, 1.96 to 1.521% and 1.93% in four EV-charging profiles, respectively. The finding of this work can be adopted in designing optimal charging/discharging of EVs to minimize the impacts on bus voltage and line current.
Highlights
Air pollution in shipping, manufacturing and coal-fired electricity generation, exacerbated by fossil-fuel combustion, has become a critical problem for the global climate in recent years [1]
The model simulation was conducted using the IEEE-43 bus distribution network and the investigation was carried out based on several variables including location, number of charging stations of Electric vehicles (EVs) and power factor based on load margin
The electricity generated from the grid integrated PV farms depends on several factors: (1) the size of the area covered by the PV farm, (2) the solar panels’ performance and (3) the solar radiation statistics
Summary
Air pollution in shipping, manufacturing and coal-fired electricity generation, exacerbated by fossil-fuel combustion, has become a critical problem for the global climate in recent years [1]. Battery aging and energy prices have significant impacts on the economics of PHEVs. A real-world-dri-ing-behavior-based simulation model for PHEVs on the electricity grid allows us to compare the impact of various charging techniques. In Reference [27], the authors evaluated the impact of EVs on power loss, system voltage profile and line loading by considering low- and large-scale EV integration. This research investigates the power demand and voltage profile considering the abovementioned research gaps for large-scale EV integration with different charging scenarios. Considering the integration of EVs into the transport and power grid, it is essential to understand the charge demand Another significant contribution of this research is that the EVs’ charging infrastructure, using the lookup-table method, was proposed while considering the cyber–physical grid model with the help of a bottom-up approach.
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