Abstract
Simulation models for water distribution networks are used routinely for many purposes. Some examples are planning, design, monitoring and control. However, under conditions of low pressure, the conventional models that employ demand-driven analysis often provide misleading results. On the other hand, almost all the models that employ pressure-driven analysis do not perform dynamic and/or water quality simulations seamlessly. Typically, they exclude key elements such as pumps, control devices and tanks. EPANET-PDX is a pressure-driven extension of the EPANET 2 simulation model that preserved the capabilities of EPANET 2 including water quality modelling. However, it cannot simulate multiple chemical substances at once. The single-species approach to water quality modelling is inefficient and somewhat unrealistic. The reason is that different chemical substances may co-exist in water distribution networks. This article proposes a fully integrated network analysis model (EPANET-PMX) (pressure-dependent multi-species extension) that addresses these weaknesses. The model performs both steady state and dynamic simulations. It is applicable to any network with various combinations of chemical reactions and reaction kinetics. Examples that demonstrate its effectiveness are included.
Highlights
Water quality models simulate the spatial and temporal variations of the concentrations of chemical substances in a water distribution network by combining the reaction kinetics with the underlying hydraulics of the distribution network
While EPANET-MSX can simulate multiple species simultaneously, it is not suitable for operating conditions with insufficient pressure. To address these gaps this paper proposes an integrated network analysis model called EPANET-PMX for steady state and extended-period analysis, single- and multi-species simulation plus demand- and pressuredriven analysis
The data required to execute EPANET-PMX are as follows. (a) The standard EPANET 2 input file that describes the properties of the pipes and nodes. (b) The standard EPANET-MSX input file that specifies the water quality species and their reaction kinetics. (c) A data input file that specifies the residual heads above which the nodal demands are satisfied in full, with the same format as EPANET 2
Summary
Water quality models simulate the spatial and temporal variations of the concentrations of chemical substances in a water distribution network by combining the reaction kinetics with the underlying hydraulics of the distribution network. The source code of EPANET 2 was modified recently to provide a pressure-driven model called EPANET-PDX (pressuredependent extension) (Seyoum and Tanyimboh 2016) by incorporating a logistic pressuredriven demand function (Tanyimboh and Templeman 2010) in the global gradient algorithm (Todini and Pilati 1988) It can simulate water quality under both normal and low-pressure conditions with only one chemical reaction at a time (Seyoum and Tanyimboh 2014). While EPANET-MSX can simulate multiple species simultaneously, it is not suitable for operating conditions with insufficient pressure To address these gaps this paper proposes an integrated network analysis model called EPANET-PMX (pressure-dependent multi-species extension) for steady state and extended-period analysis, single- and multi-species simulation plus demand- and pressuredriven analysis.
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