Abstract
Precision oncology involves an innovative personalized treatment strategy for each cancer patient that provides strategies and options for cancer treatment. Currently, personalized cancer medicine is primarily based on molecular matching. Next-generation sequencing and related technologies, such as single-cell whole-transcriptome sequencing, enable the accurate elucidation of the genetic landscape in individual cancer patients and consequently provide clinical benefits. Furthermore, advances in cancer organoid models that represent genetic variations and mutations in individual cancer patients have direct and important clinical implications in precision oncology. This review aimed to discuss recent advances, clinical potential, and limitations of genomic profiling and the use of organoids in breast and ovarian cancer. We also discuss the integration of genomic profiling and organoid models for applications in cancer precision medicine.
Highlights
Genetic variations and mutations generally increase the risk of cancer
This study suggested that a specific population associated with cancer stemness and drug resistance should be targeted for the treatment of breast cancer
Targeted capture sequencing of 1053 cancer-related genes revealed that the ovarian cancer organoids harbored the characteristics of histological subtypes, pivotal DNA variants, similar copy number variation (CNV) profiles, and mutation status of parental tumor, which were evaluated for drug screening with 23 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved chemotherapy drugs [93]
Summary
Genetic variations and mutations generally increase the risk of cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are known genetic risk factors for breast and ovarian cancers. Advances in the bioinformatic analysis of NGS data have enabled the precise identification of genetic alterations, including single nucleotide variants, gene fusions, and somatic mutations [11] This technology performs a variety of applications, including whole-genome sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, and whole-transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), to address the molecular landscape of the cancer genome. Advanced organoid models (i.e., organoids-on-chip) may have potential clinical applications in discovering novel drugs, determining therapeutic strategies, and developing personalized cancer treatment [21,22] Both cancer organoid models and genome profiling using NGS techniques are powerful tools to find better strategies for cancer treatment. We discuss the integration of genomic profiling and organoid models in breast and ovarian cancer to provide better ideas for developing personalized cancer therapies
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