Abstract

This article proposes an analytical framework to address why implemented autonomy outcomes may differ across ethno-regions in Russia and China. Using a structural variable, inter-ethnic boundary makings, and an agential variable, titular elites’ bargaining capacity, the framework is applied to a controlled comparison of two ethno-regions with contrasted autonomy outcomes for 2010–2015, Tatarstan (Russia) and Xinjiang (China), and tested to four more ethno-regions. It is argued that an ‘integration-distinction balance’ combining high inter-ethnic integration and robust consciousness of inter-ethnic distinction is conducive to titular elites’ representation in the ethno-regional state, which can lead to greater autonomy outcome for the ethno-region.

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