Abstract
Abstract. The paper investigates the capability to integrate the surface and subsurface 3D spatial objects data structure within the 3D spatial data infrastructure (3D SDI) based on the CityGML standards. In fact, a number of countries around the world have started applying the 3D city models for their planning and infrastructure management. While others are still working toward 3D SDI by using CityGML standards. Moreover, most of these initiatives focus on the surface spatial objects with less interest to model subsurface spatial objects. However, dealing with 3D SDI requires both surface and subsurface spatial objects with clear consideration on the issues and challenges in terms of the data structure. On the other hand, the study has used geospatial tools and databases such as FME, PostgreSQL-PostGIS, and 3D City Database to generate the 3D model and to test the capability for integrating the surface and subsurface 3D spatial objects data structure within the 3D SDI. This paper concludes by describing a framework that aims to integrate surface and subsurface 3D geospatial objects data structure in Oman SDI. The authors believe that there are possible solutions based on CityGML standards for surface and subsurface 3D spatial objects. Moreover, solving the issues in data structure can establish a better vision and open new avenues for the 3D SDI.
Highlights
Nowadays, the infrastructures in the urban areas are complicated such as multi-floor buildings and underground utilities, which requires using 3D geo-datasets
A number of countries around the world have applied the 3D city models for planning and infrastructure management, while other countries are working toward 3D spatial data infrastructure (3D SDI) by using CityGML standard
In order to figure out the issues and challenges to develop 3D SDI based on CityGML standard including surface and subsurface spatial objects, the study has carried some experiments in a pilot area in Oman
Summary
The infrastructures in the urban areas are complicated such as multi-floor buildings and underground utilities, which requires using 3D geo-datasets. Employing the 2D and 2.5D geospatial data may not be useful to analyze complex problems and so there is an urgent need to move to 3D geospatial data and 3D city model (Kitsakis et al, 2016; Roić, 2012; Stoter et al, 2015; van den Brink et al, 2013). The 3D city model and their related applications are considering as good initiatives for representing the 3D spatial objects and entire cities. The need for 3D city model applications has increased within the government agencies and municipalities for various applications such as 3D cadastral and smart cities (Preka and Doulamis, 2016). A number of countries around the world have applied the 3D city models for planning and infrastructure management, while other countries are working toward 3D SDI by using CityGML standard
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