Abstract
There are currently rising applications of battery electric buses in public transportation system, given their energy efficiency and societal benefits. However, limited range and time-consuming charging processes significantly reduce the operational efficiency of battery electric buses system. Thanks to fast charging technology, battery electric buses can run continuously through rational planning of fast charging system. Therefore, to achieve an effective and economic electric transit route network, electric transit route network and fast charging stations should be simultaneously and systematically deployed. This study develops a bi-level programming framework to formulate the electric transit route network design problem. Where, the upper-level model is to determine the route structure and charging station location to optimize the total costs of both user and operator, the lower-level passenger assignment model is to calculate user cost for upper-level model. Then, the proposed model is solved by a modified genetic algorithm (GA), which can search all possible route structures through specifically designed genetic operators. A numerical example from Swiss road network is employed to demonstrate the applicability of bi-level model and performance of modified GA.
Highlights
In recent years, battery electric buses (BEBs) have been regarded as the most promising alternatives for conventional buses equipped with internal combustion engines towards reducing exhaust emission in public transportation systems, given the advantages they have in zeros emission and high energy efficiency [1], [11]
With regards to the proposed electric transit route network design problem, we focus on reasonable implementation of fast charging stations to improve operation efficiency and minimize the charging delay for BEBs system
The transit route network and deployment of fast charging station are generated at upper-level, while total passengers’ travel time and unsatisfied demand are evaluated by solving the lower-level transit assignment problem
Summary
Battery electric buses (BEBs) have been regarded as the most promising alternatives for conventional buses equipped with internal combustion engines towards reducing exhaust emission in public transportation systems, given the advantages they have in zeros emission and high energy efficiency [1], [11]. To address the above problem, this study proposes a bi-level framework to design electric transit routes, determine deployment of fast charging stations and on-board battery size of BEBs on each route. None of study addresses the integration of the route design, fast charging station planning, battery capacity and frequency setting for public transportation system with a fully BEBs fleet. We consider the electric transit network design problem in a fast charging BEBs system, and purpose to minimize the total passengers and operator cost in the system by simultaneously determining the transit routes, location of fast charging stations and battery sizes. A modified GA is developed to solve the bi-level model
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