Abstract
We consider the problem of assessing bone fracture risk for a subject hit by a blunt impact projectile. We aim at constructing a framework for integrating test data and Advanced Total Body Model (ATBM) simulations into the risk assessment. The ATBM is a finite element model managed by the Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate for the purpose of assessing the risk of injury caused by blunt impacts from non-lethal weapons. In ATBM simulations, the quantity that determines arm bone fracture is the calculated maximum strain in the bone. The main obstacle to accurate prediction is that the calculated strain is incompatible with the measured strain. The fracture strain measured in bending tests of real bones is affected by random inhomogeneity in bones and uncertainty in measurement gauge attachment location/orientation. In contrast, the strain calculated in ATBM simulations is based on the assumption that all bones are perfectly elastic with homogeneous material properties and no measurement uncertainty. To connect test data and ATBM simulations in a proper and meaningful setting, we introduce the concept of elasticity-homogenized strain. We interpret test data in terms of the homogenized strain, and build an empirical dose-injury model with the homogenized strain as the input dose for predicting injury. The maximum strain calculated by ATBM has randomness due to uncertainty in specifications of ATBM setup parameters. The dose propagation uncertainty formulation accommodates this uncertainty efficiently by simply updating the shape parameters in the dose-injury model, avoiding the high computational cost of sampling this uncertainty via multiple ATBM runs.
Highlights
Non-lethal blunt impact weapons have been widely used by law enforcement and military to incapacitate individuals while minimizing fatalities and collateral damage.With continued use of existing blunt impact projectiles and the development of new capabilities, it is important to assess risk of injury
To connect real test data and idealized Advanced Total Body Model (ATBM) simulations in a proper doseinjury model, we introduce the concept of “elasticity-homogenized strain”, which is defined as what the strain would be if the three assumptions below are hypothetically satisfied during the entire loading process:
As in the situation of humerus data, the hypothetical elasticity-homogenized strain serves as a bridge for connecting the real test data and idealized ATBM simulations
Summary
Non-lethal blunt impact weapons have been widely used by law enforcement and military to incapacitate individuals while minimizing fatalities and collateral damage. We look at the issue of uncertainty and extrapolation in the injury model, as a venue for connecting the idealized ATBM simulations and real test data. We aim at establishing a mathematical framework for assessing bone fracture risk that incorporates theoretical ATBM simulations and experimental test data of real bones. The result is a computational framework for assessing the injury risk of bone fracture for a subject hit by a non-lethal weapon projectile. The static dose response relation is applicable in assessing injury risk of bone fracture when the impact loading is quasi-static and the injury process is nearly memoryless.
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