Abstract
This paper presents a water circulation model by combing oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes and mean residence time (MRT) estimation in a high-temperature metamorphic geothermal field, Tuchen, in Yilan, Taiwan. A total of 18 months of oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes of surface water and thermal water show the same variation pattern, heavier values in summer and lighter values in the rest of the year. A shift of δ18O with a relative constant δD indicates the slow fluid–rock interaction process in the study area. Two adjacent watersheds, the Tianguer River and Duowang River, exhibit different isotopic values and imply different recharge altitudes. The seasonal variation enabled us to use stable isotope to estimate mean residence time of groundwater in the study area. Two wells, 160 m and 2200 m deep, were used to estimate mean residence time of the groundwater. Deep circulation recharges from higher elevations, with lighter isotopic values, 5.9‰ and 64‰ of δ18O and δD, and a longer mean residence time, 1148 days, while the shallow circulation comes from another source with heavier values, 5.7‰ and 54.4‰ of δ18O and δD, and a shorter mean residence time, 150 days. A two-circulation model was established based on temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of stable isotopes and the assistance of MRT. This study demonstrates the usefulness of the combined usage for further understanding water circulation of other various temperatures of metamorphic geothermalfields.
Highlights
It is a well-known fact that more than 90% of currently operating geothermal power fields are located in volcanic or magmatic intrusion-related geologic systems [1,2]
Chingshui and Tuchen geothermal fields in Taiwan are among few metamorphic geothermal fields existing in the world
The plot of the δ18 O and δD isotopic compositions of thermal water and surface water the local meteoric water line (LMWL) shows the close relationship with the meteoric water (Figure 4), yet a 2‰ shift in thermal water was evident with relatively constant δD values
Summary
It is a well-known fact that more than 90% of currently operating geothermal power fields are located in volcanic or magmatic intrusion-related geologic systems [1,2]. The latest extension may have just occurred in the last million years, especially in the southwestern part of the Okinawa Trough, which has been characterized by normal faults since the Late Pleistocene [3,4,5]. These young and vigorous activities have been manifested by the existence of abundant hot springs in the Yilan Plain and the northern Central Range, which indicate high geothermal potential [5,6]. With the increasing demand for green energy and shift of national policy, the Chingshui and Tuchen geothermal fields in Yilan have regained attention. Most of the attention has been paid to the Chingshui area [5,6]
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