Integrating Landscape Metrics and Hydrologic Modeling to Assess the Impact of Natural Disturbances on Ecohydrological Processes in the Chenyulan Watershed, Taiwan.

Li-Chi Chiang,Yi-Ting Chuang,Chin-Chuan Han

doi:10.3390/ijerph16020266

Abstract

The Chenyulan watershed, located in the central mountain area of Taiwan, has been suffering from earthquakes, typhoons, and heavy rainfalls in recent decades. These sequential natural disturbances have a cumulative impact on the watershed, leading to more fragile and fragmented land cover and loss of capacity of soil water conservation. In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and a landscape metrics tool (FRAGSTATS) were used to assess the direct impact (e.g., by annual rainfall) and indirect impact (e.g., by landscape configuration and composition) of natural disturbances on the ecohydrological processes of the Chenyulan watershed. Six SPOT satellite images from 2008 to 2013 were analyzed by using the nearest feature line embedding (NFLE) approach and reclassified into six land cover types: forest, cultivated land, grassland, river, landslide, and built-up. Forest was found to have the largest patch size, indicating that it is more resilient to disturbances, while agricultural land tended to expand from the river side toward the hill. Two land cover change scenarios were compared in the SWAT model. The results showed that there was no significant difference in simulated streamflow during 2004–2015 and sediment loading during 2004–2009; however, the model performed better for sediment loading during 2010–2015 with dynamic land cover change (coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.66, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) = 0.62, percent bias (PBIAS) = 10.5%, root mean square error observation standard deviation ratio (RSR) = 0.62) than with constant land cover (R2 = 0.61, NSE = 0.54, PBIAS = −17.3%, RSR = 0.68), indicating that long-term land cover change should be considered in hydrologic modeling. Changes in landslides during 2008–2013 were found to significantly affect ecohydrological processes, especially after 2011. In general, annual precipitation plays a dominant role, and landscape composition had by far the strongest influence on water yield and sediment yield compared to landscape configuration. The results can be useful for understanding the effects of land cover change on ecohydrological processes in the Chenyulan watershed and the potential impact of ecohydrological changes on the environment and public health.

Highlights

Land use and land cover are the results of interactions among the natural environment and human activities, and their distribution can reflect anthropogenic types and decision behaviors [1].Int
The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model is a semi-distributed hydrological model and the simulation results are dominated by landscape composition rather than landscape configuration, the relationship between landscape metrics and watershed responses could be regarded as a cause-and-effect relationship between landscape composition and configuration
Our goals were to investigate how landscape patterns affect the water yield and sediment yield from different land cover types, and to understand how ecohydrological processes are changed when updated land cover change is considered in the SWAT model

Summary

Objectives

Our goals were to investigate how landscape patterns affect the water yield and sediment yield from different land cover types, and to understand how ecohydrological processes are changed when updated land cover change is considered in the

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion