Abstract
Social services in the US and elsewhere are experiencing a paradigm shift. This shift involves a move from a personalistic to an 'ecological perspec tive' on human development as well as a shift from an almost exclusive preoccupation with 'formal' (professional) helping to a growing recogni tion of the importance of'informal (lay) helping' for clients in need for help (Bronfenbrenner, 1979; Garbarino, 1981; Whittaker and Garbarino, 1983). Interest in the relationship between formal and informal helping in social services springs from diverse sources:
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