Integrating Echocardiography Parameters With Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Data-Driven Clustering of Primary Mitral Regurgitation Phenotypes

Abstract

BackgroundPrimary mitral regurgitation (MR) is a heterogeneous clinical disease requiring integration of echocardiographic parameters using guideline-driven recommendations to identify severe disease. ObjectivesThe purpose of this preliminary study was to explore novel data-driven approaches to delineate phenotypes of MR severity that benefit from surgery. MethodsThe authors used unsupervised and supervised machine learning and explainable artificial intelligence (AI) to integrate 24 echocardiographic parameters in 400 primary MR subjects from France (n = 243; development cohort) and Canada (n = 157; validation cohort) followed up during a median time of 3.2 years (IQR: 1.3-5.3 years) and 6.8 (IQR: 4.0-8.5 years), respectively. The authors compared the phenogroups’ incremental prognostic value over conventional MR profiles and for the primary endpoint of all-cause mortality incorporating time-to-mitral valve repair/replacement surgery as a covariate for survival analysis (time-dependent exposure). ResultsHigh-severity (HS) phenogroups from the French cohort (HS: n = 117; low-severity [LS]: n = 126) and the Canadian cohort (HS: n = 87; LS: n = 70) showed improved event-free survival in surgical HS subjects over nonsurgical subjects (P = 0.047 and P = 0.020, respectively). A similar benefit of surgery was not seen in the LS phenogroup in both cohorts (P = 0.70 and P = 0.50, respectively). Phenogrouping showed incremental prognostic value in conventionally severe or moderate-severe MR subjects (Harrell C statistic improvement; P = 0.480; and categorical net reclassification improvement; P = 0.002). Explainable AI specified how each echocardiographic parameter contributed to phenogroup distribution. ConclusionsNovel data-driven phenogrouping and explainable AI aided in improved integration of echocardiographic data to identify patients with primary MR and improved event-free survival after mitral valve repair/replacement surgery.