Integrating 3D Animated Videos in Case‐Based Study of Cranial Nerve Pathology

Abstract

The structures and functions of cranial nerves are essential topics in the gross anatomical study of the head and neck. Cranial nerves with complicated pathways carry multiple modalities and exhibit several symptoms when injured. Conventionally, the course and branching patterns of these nerves are taught using two‐dimensional resources with limited perspective and depth. Three‐dimensional anatomical applications allow us to map the pathways of cranial nerves toward their peripheral targets to reinforce understanding of complex spatial relationships. We created a series of animated videos through the 3D4Medical Complete Anatomy application to demonstrate the courses and modalities of three challenging cranial nerves (CN), VII, IX and X. These videos cater to flipped learning, a student‐centered pedagogical approach. Here we describe the methodology and effectiveness of integrating 3D‐animated videos into a flipped classroom paradigm to enhance understanding of cranial nerve pathways, functions, and pathologies. Forty students participated in two flipped sessions (20 students per session) administered as a series of clinical cases studies. Students were expected to watch the cranial nerve animation videos prior to the session. Class time was devoted to small‐group discussion and application of knowledge through case‐based learning and formative assessments. Each of the answer choices were reviewed following discussion of the case. Individual student performances (n = 34) were determined using pre‐ and post‐test scores. Pre‐ and post‐test scores were compared using the non‐parametric Wilcoxon signed rank test, as differences do not follow a normal distribution. Our results indicate an overall significant improvement in performance between pre‐ and post‐assessment scores (p = 0.036, one‐sided). Students (n = 31) completed a post‐session survey exploring the effectiveness of instruction, pre‐work material and case‐based approach. Based on a modified Likert scale of 1–5, students found the 3D‐animation videos effective (score of 5, 64.5%; score of 4, 12.9%) in preparing for the session and future exam. Students found the case‐based approach, discussion and instruction to be highly effective (score of 5, 96.8%; score of 4, 3.2%), which strongly supports the use of this pedagogical method. We conclude that flipped, case‐based sessions integrating 3D‐animated videos are an effective method for enhancing understanding of cranial nerve structure, function and pathology.