Integrated wearable collaborative strain sensor with simultaneous self-healing and superhydrophobic abilities for stable sensing monitoring

Abstract

Flexible wearable strain sensors possess extensive applicability in wearables, electronic skin, and environmental monitoring. However, these sensors face challenges in maintaining stable sensing performance when exposed to harsh environments, as mechanical damage and liquid corrosion can lead to localized degradation, micro-cracks, and even macroscopic cracks. Herein, we present an integrated wearable collaborative strain sensor (IWCSS), achieved by applying the superhydrophobic layer on conductive double-cross-linked hydrogel surface. This IWCSS, once severed, can simultaneously restore its sensing performance and superhydrophobicity after 16 h at 25 ℃, attributing to the synergistic effect of reversible bonds—amide, borate ester and metal coordination bond—that drive molecular self-healing. Additionally, with a sensing coefficient of 0.8 and a response time of 70 ms, the IWCSS's superhydrophobic layer serves as a shield against aqueous infiltration and corrosive liquids, ensuring stable sensing and accurate monitoring of human movements in harsh environments. Our design strategy paves the way for developing wearable sensor materials with enhanced reliability in demanding operating environments.