Abstract
Electric distribution systems are going through a major upgrade with increasing penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) and impacting transmission system operational analysis. Traditionally, the transmission system’s voltage stability margin is computed by performing a continuation power flow (CPF) analysis. In transmission-CPF, loads in distribution systems are aggregated at the transmission-distribution (T&D) interface buses, and the distribution system’s electrical characteristics, like feeder length, increasing penetration of DERs, and associated control, are not considered. The traditional CPF thus considers the distribution network as a purely passive network without active network management and distributed energy resources. In this paper, two integrated T&D CPF methods are implemented using a co-simulation framework that uses individual transmission and distribution solvers. The first method is iteratively-coupled T&D CPF (IC-TDCPF), where the iterative coupling concept forces convergence of boundary variables at T&D PCC (Point of common coupling) at every CPF step. The second method, Loosely Coupled T&D CPF (LC-TDCPF), relaxes the boundary convergence constraints at PCC to achieve faster calculation speed. Moreover, a reduced distribution network equivalent is also developed to enable faster computation of VSM by reducing the number of integrated T&D buses. The developed T&D CPF co-simulation framework uses an open-source platform <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MATPOWER</i> for solving transmission system and open-source software <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OPENDSS</i> for solving distribution system. Three large integrated T&D systems with 4196, 10587, and 12295 buses are developed to demonstrate the impact of DERs, voltage-dependent load models, and distribution network topology on integrated voltage stability margin using the proposed T&D CPF and co-simulation.
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