Integrated Sensing and Processing—Acoustic Resonance Spectrometry (ISP-ARS) in Differentiating d-Tagatose and Other Toll Manufactured Drugs

Abstract

Integrated sensing and processing acoustic resonance spectroscopy (ISP-ARS) is a novel approach to acoustic spectroscopy that can be implemented using instruments as simple as an MP3 player. In ISP-ARS, an ISP acoustic excitation waveform is created that comprises only the distinguishing spectral details associated with an analyte. Fourier transform acoustic resonance spectroscopy (FTARS) is used to develop ISP acoustic waveforms employed in differentiating d-tagatose, a new oral drug in phase 3 clinical trials for treatment of type 2 diabetes, from other toll-manufactured drugs. ISP-ARS reduces the time required for processing that is normally observed with full spectrum FTARS. The ISP detector output is a voltage that can be read immediately and corresponds only to the analyte under investigation. ISP acoustic waveforms composed of 10, 100, and 1,000 frequencies were used to identify several drugs. The tablets used in this study were aspirin, acetaminophen, d-tagatose, ibuprofen, vitamin B, and vitamin C. It was found that a mixture of as few as ten frequencies with the largest factor loadings were required to properly classify each pill used in this study. Intra-cluster distances were calculated to be less than three multidimensional standard deviations (MSD) for each pill type. The average accuracy of prediction was 98.47, 97.45, and 95.41% for the 10-, 100-, and 1,000-frequency component acoustic waveforms, respectively.