Abstract
Ultrasonication using low frequencies of sound can increase cell organogenesis, which is beneficial for various industrial applications. This study demonstrates a novel approach of integrated phycoremediation and ultrasonication-irradiation treatment (iPUT) used for improving the degradation of sulfonamide antibiotics via a cumulative effect of combined treatments. Variable ultrasonication treatment (UT) (20 %-2 min to 40 %-10 min) was given to a model microalga, Chlamydomonas mexicana in two ways, 1) single ultrasonic treatment (SUT) and 2) multiple-intermittent ultrasonic treatments (IUT). The microalgal growth was slightly affected by SUT, while it significantly inhibited by IUT. The removal of sulfacetamide and sulfapyridine was significantly improved by >1.7-fold and >1.95-fold at 20 % of SUT and IUT treatment, respectively, compared to control. In the case of sulfamethazine, the SUT showed maximum removal (33.5 %) at 20 %, whereas IUT could achieve 27.5 % removal at the same ultrasonication conditions compared to 9.5 % removal in control. The IUT accelerated the degradation of sulfamethoxazole and sulfadimethoxine more than SUT showing a 9- fold and 12- fold increase in the removal of sulfamethoxazole and sulfadimethoxine with 20 % and 40 % treatments, respectively. The changes in microalgal cell morphology due to ultrasonication treatment were the main cause of enforced uptake and subsequent degradation of these ECs.
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