Abstract
Recently, integrated mineral carbonation for CO2 sequestration has received significant attention due to the high potential for commercialization towards mitigating climate change. This review compiles the work conducted by various researchers over the last few years on integrated mineral carbonation processes in the mining industry, which use ultramafic mine wastes as feedstock for mineral carbonation. Here, we introduce the basic concepts of mineral carbonation including a brief description of the process routes and pre-treatment techniques. We discuss the scope of integrated mineral carbonation process application, and critically review the integrated mineral carbonation process in the mining industry including modified passive carbonation techniques in tailing storage facilities, and ex-situ carbonation routes using fresh tailings. The focus of the discussions is the role of reaction condition on the carbonation efficiency of mine waste with various mineralogical compositions, and the benefits and drawbacks of each integrated mineral carbonation process. All discussions lead to suggestions for the technological improvement of integrated mineral carbonation. Finally, we review the techno-economic assessments on existing integrated mineral carbonation technologies. Research to date indicates that value-added by-products will play an important role in the commercialization of an integrated mineral carbonation process.
Highlights
IntroductionThe global climate has been warming at a faster pace than in any other period since 1850 [1]
The global climate has been warming at a faster pace than in any other period since 1850 [1].The main cause of climate change is burning fossil fuels to meet global energy demands, which disturbs the balance of the carbon cycle and increases the concentration of greenhouse gasesin the atmosphere [2]
There is a wide range of materials that can be used for mineral carbonation, naturally occurring formations, such as olivine, serpentine and wollastonite, and highly reactive wastes comprised of Mg/Ca-rich materials, such as fly ash, iron and steel slags, cement kiln dust, and ultramafic mine wastes [13]
Summary
The global climate has been warming at a faster pace than in any other period since 1850 [1]. If no additional efforts are made to constrain or manage anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, the CO2 equivalent concentration is expected to exceed 1000 ppm by 2100, which would result in a global mean surface temperature increase of 2.6 to 4.8 ◦ C [1]. 1.5 ◦ C relative to pre-industrial levels [6] To reach these goals, the global community must find affordable and practical solutions for managing carbon. Various strategies and solutions have been adopted by countries for the purpose of reducing anthropogenic CO2 emissions These approaches include: improving energy efficiency; using energy sources that are less carbon-intensive (e.g., natural gas, hydrogen, and nuclear power) or renewable (e.g., solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal and bio-energy); enhancing biological sinks (i.e., afforestation and reforestation); and CO2 capture and storage (CCS) [7].
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