Abstract
Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDC) has been linked with several adverse outcomes. In this review, we examine EDCs that are pervasive in the environment and are of concern in the context of human, animal, and environmental health. We explore the consequences of EDC exposure on aquatic life, terrestrial animals, and humans. We focus on the exploitation of genomics technologies and in particular whole transcriptome sequencing. Genome-wide analyses using RNAseq provides snap shots of cellular, tissue and whole organism transcriptomes under normal physiological and EDC perturbed conditions. A global view of gene expression provides highly valuable information as it uncovers gene families or more specifically, pathways that are affected by EDC exposures, but also reveals those that are unaffected. Hypotheses about genes with unknown functions can also be formed by comparison of their expression levels with genes of known function. Risk assessment strategies leveraging genomic technologies and the development of toxicology databases are explored. Finally, we review how the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) has exploited this high throughput data to provide a framework for toxicology studies.
Highlights
In the twentieth century a large quantity of contaminants, both organic and inorganic, has been released into the environment [1]
Treatment of bronchial smooth muscle cells (BSMCs) with the culture media (CM) of BEAS-NP and HBE-NP induced the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8, subsequently inducing their proliferation and migration; these are major features involved in asthma remodeling [145]
The first of these mutations is defined as the molecular initiation event (MIE), which is followed by other mutations—key events (KE)—that are linked by KE relationships (KERs) and further alter expression in such a way that an adverse outcome is the result
Summary
In the twentieth century a large quantity of contaminants, both organic and inorganic, has been released into the environment [1] Many of these industrial chemicals have sufficient structural similarity to steroid hormones to be able to bind to steroid receptors or enzymes that regulate steroid hormone concentrations and, perturb normal endocrine physiology in aquatic species, animals and humans [2,3,4,5,6,7]. Those chemicals capable of interfering with the endocrine system, mimicking the action of endogenous messengers (hormones) with their specific receptors are defined as endocrine disrupting chemicals (ECDs) [8]. We examine how the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework leverages these data sets to determine the adverse health and environmental impacts
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