Abstract

With the rapid development of distributed renewable energy (DRE), demand response (DR) programs, and the proposal of the energy internet, the current centralized trading of the electricity market model is unable to meet the trading needs of distributed energy. As a decentralized and distributed accounting mode, blockchain technology fits the requirements of distributed energy to participate in the energy market. Corresponding to the transaction principle, a blockchain-based integrated energy transaction mechanism is proposed, which divides the trading process into two stages: the call auction stage and the continues auction stage. The transactions among the electricity and heat market participants were used as examples to explain the details of the trading process. Finally, the smart contracts of the transactions were designed and deployed on the Ethereum private blockchain site to demonstrate the validity of the proposed transaction scheme.

Highlights

  • With the promotion of technologies for distributed renewable energy (DRE) generators and demand response (DR) programs, the boundaries between generators and consumers are becoming blurred

  • Transaction Framework of Distributed Integrated Energy Trading In In thethe distributed energy trading framework designed in this paper, we assumed that each distributed energy trading framework designed in this paper, we assumed that each user user had a blockchain account keys, i.e., key a public andkey a private

  • The decentralized characteristic of blockchain technology is its high compatibility with the auction mechanism since the transactions made in call stage reach the beneficial maximum

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Summary

Introduction

With the promotion of technologies for distributed renewable energy (DRE) generators and demand response (DR) programs, the boundaries between generators and consumers are becoming blurred. The preconditions for the distributed energy trading were analyzed [7], which included the real-time information exchange, the self-optimizing strategy selection, the automatic transaction settlement, and the trading platform decentralization for the local energy internet. In comparison with other methods, the main benefits associated with the blockchain adoption for the decentralized energy trading are that a third-party intermediary (for instance, a distribution system operator) is not required for the management and security of the energy transactions; and different kinds of energies (electricity, heat, etc.) can be freely traded [5], catering to the requirements of IER trading. The idea of blockchain-based decentralized trading was put forward for the realization of the coordinated allocation of local IER resources. Corresponding to the transaction principles, a blockchain-based integrated energy transaction mechanism is proposed, dividing the trading process into two stages: the call auction stage and the continues auction stage.

Blockchain and Smart Contracts
Off-Chain Interaction Technologies
Decentralized Transactions of Integrated Energy
Transaction Framework of Distributed Integrated Energy Trading
Call Auction Stage
Continuous Double Auction Stage
Matchingprocess processof ofcontinuous continuous double
Formulation of Smart Contracts
The Transaction Processing Contract
Demand Order Contract of Electricity Buyers
The Matchmaking Trading Contract
The Settlement Contract
Case Study
Deploying the Demand Order Contract of Electricity Buyers
Buyers’
Deploying the Transaction Processing Contract
The result1 of input 8:00–9:00
Deploying the Matchmaking Trading Contract
Deploying the Transaction
Findings
Conclusions
Full Text
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